The cuisine of Nepal exhibits distinct features that are marked by the utilization of indigenous and timely ingredients. The cuisine of Nepal is distinguished by its harmonious combination of taste elements and the integration of fragrant herbs and spices. Through their culinary skills and attentiveness, Nepalese people showcase their exceptional ability in food preparation, which is reflected in their exquisite dishes.

Here we are going to explore different types of cuisine in Nepal:

1.       Khas Cuisine:

The culinary traditions of the Khas community, which is the largest ethnic group in Nepal and mainly resides in the hilly regions, are referred to as Khas cuisine. The Nepalese food culture is notable for its Khas cuisine. These are some of the foods that Khas cuisine serves:

·        Daal Bhatt:

Given that daal bhaat is considered a national dish of Nepal, it is widely acknowledged as a fundamental culinary component of Khas cuisine, representing a staple meal consisting of lentil soup paired with rice. In traditional Khas cuisine, the primary component is this dish, which is commonly accompanied by various side dishes, pickles, vegetables, curries, and so on.

·        Meat-based items:

Khas cuisine has many foods made with meat. There are three tasty dishes called "khasi ko masu," "sekuwa," and "pakku." "khasi ko masu," "sekuwa," and "pakku." Khasi ko masu is a curry made with goat or mutton, while sekuwa is meat cooked on a stick over a barbecue. Lastly, pakku is meat that has been fried or roasted. Most people, including the Khas Brahmin (Bahun) caste, eat chicken and fish. They don't eat buffalo and yak meat because it is too similar to cow meat. Long ago, only a certain group of people called aadibasi would have pork from pigs that were raised at home. But wild boars, which are like big, hairy pigs, were hunted and eaten by a different group of people called Magars. These foods usually have nice smells and tastes from using special herbs and spices together.

·        Gundruk and Dhido:

Gundruk is a special part of Khas food. Gundruk is made by fermenting leafy greens, like mustard greens or spinach. Dhindo is a thick, porridge-like food that people who eat Khas cuisine enjoy. This food is created by cooking flour made from corn, millet, or buckwheat with water until it becomes thick. People usually eat Dhindo with gundruk, pickles, or meat dishes.

·        Sinki:

Sinki holds great significance as a unique and customary ingredient. Sinki is a type of food made by fermenting wild vegetables, usually the roots of radishes. Khas cuisine has a special ingredient that makes food taste different and feels unique. Sinki is an important food in Khas cuisine. It shows how the Khas people use clever ways to preserve their food and honor their traditions. Nepalese cuisine is a proud representation of the country's abundant culinary legacy, achieved through the use of locally sourced ingredients and age-old cooking methods.

·        Pickles:

Pickles are considered a significant component in Khas cuisine, contributing to the taste profile of dishes with their tangy, spicy, and flavorful attributes. The Khas people's culinary heritage and innovative skills are evident through their wide selection of pickles featuring ingredients such as mangoes, radishes, tomatoes, and chilies. Khas pickles add a unique and vibrant flavor to any meal, whether eaten as a condiment or a side dish, making the dining experience all the more enjoyable.

·        Sweets and snacks:

Khas cuisine features diverse flavors and sweet delicacies. These sweets are cherished in Khas culture and are enjoyed on many occasions. Khas cuisine offers diverse sweet treats that please palates with rich flavors and textures. Khas cuisine has a variety of sweet treats like Juju Dhau, Malpuwa, Sikarni, Sel Roti, and many more. The delightful flavor of these foods is capable of creating a happier ambiance for any event.

Khas cuisine varies in Nepal and has individual household variations. Cuisine evolved, influenced by neighboring regions and cultural exchanges. Khas cuisine is a vital aspect of Nepalese culinary history, showcasing the Khas group's tastes and practices.

2.       Himalayan Cuisine:

The Himalayan cuisine is influenced by the food culture of Tibetans and other similar ethnic groups in the Himalayan region. The food found in Nepal's Himalayan areas, including Mustang, Dolpo, and Solu-Khumbu, is a testament to the uniqueness of the region's geography and traditions. These are some of the foods that Himalayan cuisine serves:

·        Daal Bhatt:

Dal Bhat is a common food in Nepal and the Himalayas. Dal and rice are served together, sometimes with vegetables, pickles, and yogurt. Dal bhat is a healthy and nutritious meal.

·        Thukpa:

Thukpa is a noodle soup that has gained recognition in the food scene of the Himalayan region and originates from Tibet. It is known for its comforting nature. A delicious dish with nourishing properties has gained significant popularity in surrounding areas of the Himalayas. It is made up of wheat noodles, rich broth, aromatic spices, and a blend of savory meats and vegetables. Thukpa's popularity in the Himalayan regions unites people, nourishes them, and preserves their culinary heritage.

·        Yak Meat Items:

In the Himalayas, yak meat is highly valued for its special qualities in local cuisine. Yak meat's tenderness and unique taste are beloved in Himalayan cuisine. Yak meat is used in various preparations to showcase its unique qualities. Yak stir-fries with veggies and spices are a tasty combo. Yak meat is naturally tender, making it a perfect match for stir-fry dishes.

·        Buckwheat and Millet-based Dishes:

Buckwheat and millet are prized staples in Himalayan cuisine for their versatility, distinctive flavors, and healthful properties. Gluten-free grains are integral to regional cuisine, reflecting the cultural heritage and land connections. Buckwheat and millet flours are popular for breadmaking. Phaapar bread is prominent in Himalayan cuisine. Flatbreads are made by mixing flour with water and sometimes adding spices or herbs. Roll and cook the dough for rustic, flavorful bread. Buckwheat bread's nutty taste complements many dishes.

    ·        Tibet an Butter Tea:

Tibetan butter tea is a prominent element of Himalayan cuisine, with a unique flavor profile that is cherished for its ability to combat the challenges of the region's cold temperatures and high altitudes. Tibetan butter tea is a cultural beverage from the Himalayas, also called "po cha" or "salty tea." Butter tea is a cultural staple in Himalayan communities. Served to guests as a symbol of hospitality for warmth and comfort. Butter tea strengthens Himalayan community bonds. Exp.: The consumption of Tibetan butter tea is a sensory journey through the Himalayas. It embodies people's resilience, connection to nature, and adaptability in the region. Sipping this savory beverage evokes adventure and immerses you in the beauty of the Himalayas.

The Himalayan cuisine offers a diverse selection of dishes to choose from. The food in the Himalayan region is special because it uses local ingredients, cooking methods, and culture. These things make the food unique and tasty.

3.       Newa Cuisine:

Newa cuisine is a unique culinary tradition from Nepal's Newar community. Newa cuisine is made up of unique ingredients, intricate cooking, and varied flavors. It highlights Newar people's culinary skills and creativity, passed down through generations. These are some of the foods that Newa Cuisine serves:

·        Kwati:

Kwati is a prized dish in Newa cuisine, showcasing culinary excellence and cultural importance in the Nepalese Newar community. This soup honors generations of cooking traditions with its flavor and heartiness. Kwati is a mix of sprouted beans and lentils. Kwati is culturally significant in the Newar community. It's a festive centerpiece dish. During Gunla, Jana Baha Dyah Jatra, and Bisket Jatra, kwati symbolizes abundance, renewal, and togetherness.

·        Bara:

The Newar community in Nepal displays its cultural legacy and culinary skills through the highly regarded and cherished dish known as bara in Newa cuisine. You can enjoy Bara in different ways that suit different tastes and events. You can eat it alone and taste its flavors fully. Enjoying a fresh hot bara, taken directly from the pan, with a little tangy mustard or spicy tomato sauce is a wonderful experience that wakes up the taste buds and leaves a lasting memory. Bara's versatility and irresistible flavors have won over locals and visitors. It reflects the Newar community's culinary heritage and respect for traditional cooking techniques.

·        Yomari:

Newa cuisine captivates with diverse desserts and confections. The Yomari is a revered sweet that holds a special place in the hearts of Nepal's Newar community. Yomari represents Newa cuisine's tradition, festivity, and culinary craftsmanship. Its flavors, symbolism, and preparation make it a treasured delicacy beyond gastronomy. A Yomari provides a taste of Nepal's culinary legacy and embraces cultural tradition.

Nepal's rich heritage and cultural diversity are reflected in Newa cuisine. Newar culinary culture has evolved over centuries, preserving its essence. Discover the wonders of Newa cuisine—a mouth-watering journey through the history, customs, and flavors of Kathmandu Valley.

Nepal provides a diverse range of cuisine, rendering it an excellent choice for those seeking to explore and discover culinary experiences. Nepal offers an excellent opportunity for those seeking to explore diverse cuisines without any regrets.

Reference:

·         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine

Nepal stands as a truly exceptional country, encompassing a multitude of remarkable aspects that set it apart. Let's explore the national things associated with Nepal that contribute to Nepal's distinctiveness, elevating it to a truly unique position on the global stage:

1.       National Flag:

The majority of flags in the world have a rectangular or square shape, except Nepal's flag, which is uniquely designed as a triangle. The flag consists of two distinct sections, with the upper portion featuring a crescent and an eight-rayed moon, while the lower section showcases a twelve-rayed sun.

2.       National Anthem:

The national anthem of Nepal is called "Sayun Thunga Phulka Hami", The national anthem's words were written by Pradip Kumar Rai, also known as Byakul Maila. The late Amber Gurung made the music. The national song of Nepal talks about being proud of the country and its culture, being brave and united, respecting nature, and working towards progress and peace. In 2016, the BBC ranked Nepal's national anthem as the most amazing and unique compared to other anthems and ranked it third out of all the anthems played during the Rio 2016 Olympics.

3.       National emblem :

Nepal holds significant value for the country as it represents its emblem. The government of Nepal and many government groups use national emblems. The flag of Nepal has a picture of Mount Everest, green hills to show the hilly parts of Nepal, and yellow to show the fertile Terai region. There are male and female hands joining to show equality, and a garland of the national flower, the rhododendron (also called Guraash). On the top is a white outline of Nepal.

4.       National flower:

Lali Gurans also called the rhododendron, hold the distinguished title of national flower in Nepal. The rhododendron, an integral part of Nepal's ecosystem, holds great importance in preserving the country's natural heritage. The customary location where rhododendrons thrive is within the mountains of Nepal, especially at elevated heights in the Himalayas. The rhododendron holds a notable status as Nepal's national flower owing to its significant relevance and its attractive physical characteristics. This flower shows the country's nature and different kinds of natural heritage.

5.       National bird:

The national bird of Nepal is the Danphe, or Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impedance). This gorgeous and majestic bird is found in the Himalayas. The Danphe is important to Nepal because it is a symbol of their culture. People think it represents being pretty, elegant, and one-of-a-kind. The Danphe bird is often seen in old-fashioned pictures, handmade things, and stories of Nepal. The selection of the Danphe as Nepal's national bird signifies its significance and beauty while also acknowledging the diverse variety of avifauna inhabiting Nepal.

6.       National animal:

The cow (Gai) is the national animal of Nepal. The Nepalese community considers cows indispensable beings. They are valued and used for religious and cultural practices. In Nepal, people highly respect cows and show it through their religion and culture. Cows are sometimes dressed up with flowers and red powder on their heads during religious events. They are given special food and are believed to bring good luck. Cows are important in Nepal because they help with farming, and they are important for religious and cultural reasons too. By choosing the cow as the national animal, Nepal shows that it values and acknowledges the important relationship between its people, culture, and agricultural sector.

7.       National Sport:

Nepal's national sport is volleyball. In the past, dandi biyo, which involves the use of sticks, was widely recognized as the unofficial national game. Nevertheless, the Nepalese government revealed in 2017 that volleyball would be considered the national sport of Nepal.

8.       National dish:

The national food of Nepal is called Dal Bhat. It is a common meal made up of two parts: lentil soup and steamed rice. Dal bhat is a type of food that most people in Nepal eat a lot of. It's a necessary component. Dal Bhat is a meal that represents Nepal's culture and is very popular there. This means that Nepali food is simple and good for your health, and it's important to eat a variety of different foods. People from different ethnic groups in Nepal widely enjoyed it. They commonly have it as a full lunch or dinner.

9.       National dress:

People in Nepal wear special clothes called Daura-Suruwal for men and Gunyu-Cholo for women, which are considered national dresses. These clothes are important to the culture of Nepal, and people wear them on special occasions, celebrations, and important events. It's important to remember that the Daura-Suruwal and Gunyu-Cholo are the traditional clothes of Nepal, but people don't always wear them the same way anymore. The clothing style of Western countries is commonly observed among people living in cities and rural areas.

10.   National language:

Nepali is the most widely spoken dialect in Nepal and is acknowledged as the official language of the nation. The majority of people in Nepal communicate using the Nepali language. The Nepali language is the dominant means of communication in Nepal and is widely understood and spoken by most of its inhabitants. Nepal is home to a variety of unique languages that are used for communication by diverse communities, such as Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, Newari, and Gurung. The government of Nepal says that other languages are important too and help to protect and grow them. The districts of Sikkim and Darjeeling in West Bengal adhere to Nepali as their official language. The Nepali language shares similarities with neighboring Kirati and Gurung languages, which have a notable influence on Nepali.

History:

Before 1962, the emblems on Nepal's flag, including the sun and the crescent moon, depicted human faces with distinct features such as eyes, ears, and noses. The symbol on the forehead of the moon represented the royal family, while the sun symbolized the Rana family. However, in a later revision, the decision was made to remove the human faces from the emblems. Since then, only the sun and the moon have been portrayed on the flag, representing their respective lineages without the inclusion of facial features.

About the Current Flag:

The current flag was adopted on B.S. 2019 Poush 1 along with the formation of a new constitutional government. It was Shankar Nath Rimal, a civil engineer, who designed the current flag of Nepal at the request of King Mahendra. The picture of the moon and the sun symbolizes that Nepal will exist till the moon and the sunshine in this universe remain, and Nepal will remain till the sun and the moon remain. The current Nepali flag is adorned with three symbolic colors: crimson (red), blue, and white. The flag's foundation is crimson, representing the unwavering courage and bravery of Nepali soldiers. It is complemented by a deep blue border, signifying peace, cooperation, and friendship since the age of Gautam Buddha. The color white symbolizes purity, adding a touch of clarity and innocence to the flag's overall meaning. The two triangular shapes within the Nepali flag carry symbolic meaning. They represent the majestic Himalayan Mountains, highlighting Nepal's geographical prominence. All these concepts were declared by the democratic government, which was ruled by the general public, and embody the idea that the nation's love for its mother and mother earth is more important than anything else. That's why Nepal's flag represents the love of the motherland.

Some of the Facts about the Nepali Flag:

From a religious perspective, the two triangles on the flag of Nepal represent the two major religions in Nepal: Hinduism and Buddhism. From a religious standpoint, the white color used for the moon and the sun symbolizes neutrality. The triangular shape of the flag also signifies the traditional pagoda style, which is the architectural design commonly used for building temples and monasteries. According to cultural myths, the sun is seen as a heavenly symbol of fire, which is believed to be one of the fundamental components of all matter. In Hinduism, the sun is considered one of the five gods known as the Panchadev, with "Pancha" meaning five and "dev" meaning god. The tradition of worshipping the sun is deeply rooted in ancient Vedic rituals. Nepal was a Hindu kingdom until a few decades ago, and the sun on the flag also represents the belief in the gods and their power. From a religious perspective, the sun on the flag signifies the hotness of the land of the Terai region, and the moon on the flag signifies the coldness of the altitude of the Himalayan region of Nepal. The red color on the flag also symbolizes the red sindoor (vermilion) worn by married women in Nepalese Hindu culture. The color red is even considered a symbol of good luck. It is also believed that the red color of the flag represents the color of the robes worn by Buddhist monks.

Respect for the Flag:

The Nepali flag is held in high regard, and it is important to treat it with respect. It is customary to hoist and lower the flag with care and to avoid allowing it to touch the ground or be used for any disrespectful or inappropriate purposes.

The cars of important leaders like the president, prime ministers, and governors often have small national flags on them. These flags serve as a representation of their country. You may notice these flags hanging on their vehicles as a symbol of their role as representatives of the nation. This is also a show of respect for the flag by representatives of our nation.

Government buildings often proudly display national flags. These flags are raised to show respect and to symbolize the nation they represent. You can spot these national flags flying high atop government buildings, signifying the honor and reverence given to our national flag.

The army and military play a vital role in protecting a country. They are also representatives of the nation. Therefore, it is expected and natural to see the national flag flying at military headquarters and National Guard buildings. This is a way to honor and show respect to the national flag in recognition of the important role played by the military in safeguarding the country.

The examples mentioned earlier demonstrate the respect that Nepalese people and representatives of Nepal show for flags. Similarly, the people of Nepal themselves are unique in the world because of their love and respect for everything associated with Nepal. It doesn't matter what it is; it truly matters whether it is connected to Nepal. This deep sense of attachment and appreciation for their country sets Nepalese people apart and makes them distinctive.

Lastly, the Nepali flag is a symbol of pride, unity, and identity for the Nepali people. It represents the country's rich history, diverse culture, and the aspirations of its citizens.

Reference:

·         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal

·         https://www.imnepal.com/national-flag-nepal/

A different type of pollution seems to be in the Kathmandu Valley nowadays:

1. Air pollution:

   Air pollutants have recently emerged as a pressing concern in the Kathmandu Valley. The city's air quality has worsened appreciably, and it has been a long time since people have seen a clear sky. The air is the most important source of pollutants in Kathmandu, which is critical for human survival. Air pollutants have risen to alarming levels, making it challenging for humans to stay and paint within the valley. The outcomes of air pollution in Kathmandu are intense and far-reaching. The excessive levels of pollutants in the air have led to breathing troubles, allergies, and other health problems for many of the city's residents. 

2. Water pollution:

   Water pollution has emerged as a tremendous problem in the Kathmandu Valley because of the increasing human population and the lack of proper wastewater treatment systems. The citizens of Kathmandu Valley depend closely on underground water resources and rivers for their daily needs, which include drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Unfortunately, it isn't feasible to use the water from the rivers, as they're heavily contaminated with sewage and other pollution. As a result, the citizens of Kathmandu Valley are increasingly counting on underground water assets. But even the underground water resources have become polluted because of the inhumane conduct of some folks who dump their waste into the ground, contaminating the water table. The high levels of pollution inside the water can cause diverse water-borne diseases, including cholera and typhoid.

Recently, it was reported that Kathmandu secured the top spot on the list of the world's most polluted cities. So here are some major causes and solutions for pollution:

The pollution in Kathmandu may be attributed to both human activities and geographical elements. One of the main contributors to this problem is the expansion of vehicles, many of which are outdated and powered by diesel engines, resulting in excessive levels of emissions and fumes. The use of old planes in the skies is also a factor in the air pollution problems within the country. Consequently, the main source of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley is vehicle emissions. Therefore, enhancing public transportation systems, encouraging the use of electric cars, and reducing non-public vehicle use can help to lessen air pollution within the valley.

The act of burning trash or other things out of doors has a large negative effect on the quality of the surroundings within the Kathmandu Valley. In lots of places in the metropolis, people are irresponsibly burning trash in open fires, consisting of plastics, paper, and other natural substances. This releases risky chemical compounds and pollutants into the air, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. This pollution is harming human beings' health in various ways, including breathing issues and eye, nostril, and throat infections. The implementation of waste segregation, composting, and recycling applications can help reduce the quantity of waste sent to landfills and the quantity of methane gas produced by the decomposition of natural waste.

In Kathmandu, dirt from construction sites is a great source of pollutants. Long-distance airborne dirt from creation sites can settle on surfaces, reducing imagination and prescience and harming the environment. The construction dirt is frequently carried by the wind to neighboring places, generating pollutants there. Particularly for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing breathing illnesses, the microscopic dirt particles can also be absorbed deeply into the lungs and create respiratory troubles. Consequently, implementing guidelines to manipulate emissions from industries and tracking their compliance can help to lessen air pollution.

For a long time, people in the Kathmandu Valley have been engaging in the most inhumane behavior that has brought about the deterioration of the environment: the integration of sewage in the rivers. While sewage gets launched into a river, the oxygen content of the water is reduced, which might also hurt aquatic lifestyles and the atmosphere. Many residents in Kathmandu depend on groundwater for their drinking water, which is at risk of contamination from the river. These days, the Kathmandu Valley is stricken by water pollution, and it's miles from the result of the inhumane conduct of some people. So cleaning rivers and stopping people from mixing sewage should be performed to reduce water pollutants.

Global warming is in a roundabout way contributing to pollution in Kathmandu Valley via its consequences on weather styles, agriculture, and water sources. Therefore, it's far more essential to cope with global warming by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting sustainable practices that allow you to mitigate its effect on pollution inside the valley. Encouraging the use of clean energy, such as solar and wind electricity, can help lessen the dependence on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions, which can contribute to air pollution and global warming.

Dirt storms are another cause of pollution in Kathmandu Valley; they can generate large amounts of dirt and particulate matter, which may be carried over long distances and impact air quality. While the dust settles, it could additionally cause visibility troubles and create unsafe driving conditions. In Kathmandu Valley, dust storms are regularly exacerbated by construction and avenue dust, which can increase the quantity of particulate matter in the air.

Wildfires can also contribute to air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley. While vegetation burns, it releases smoke and particulate matter into the air, which can be carried over long distances and affect the air. Wildfires can also contribute to ozone formation, which can be dangerous to human health.

Overall, controlling pollutants in Kathmandu Valley requires a complete approach that includes the participation of diverse stakeholders, including governments, industries, groups, and individuals. It's crucial to prioritize the implementation of measures that could have the greatest effect on lowering pollutant levels and protecting the health and well-being of the population.

The celebration of Mother's Day in Nepal is more than just a holiday; it may be a way for individuals to express their deep-seated cherish and adoration for their moms, who are seen as the spine of Nepalese society. The sacrificial love and sacrifice that moms make for their families are highly regarded and loved, and Mother's Day may be a way to reinforce the significance of these values. It may be a day to acknowledge the pivotal role that moms play in forming the lives of their children and families and to honor their commitments to society.

Generally, the celebration of Mother's Day in Nepal may be a lovely expression of the cherishing, regard, and appreciation that Nepalese individuals have for their moms. It could be a day filled with warmth, delight, and appreciation, and it may be a confirmation of the profound bond between a mother and her child.

Social Noteworthiness:

Mother's Day has a significant social significance in Nepal that extends beyond the event itself. It may be a day when Nepalese people come together to celebrate the sacrifices that moms make for their families. The social significance of this day is established within the Nepalese culture, which places a high value on parenthood and the role of moms in forming the lives of their children. For Nepalese individuals, Mother's Day is more than just a day to purchase blessings and show apparent appreciation. It may be a day to honor the unimaginable penances and difficult work that moms put in to raise their children and keep their families together. It could be a way for children to express their appreciation and admiration for their moms, who are seen as the spine of Nepalese society.

The celebration of Mother's Day in Nepal is deeply rooted in culture and convention. It could be a day when families come together to perform puja (reverence) and offer blessings to their moms as a sign of regard and cherish. The social importance of this day is clear in the way it is celebrated, with individuals of all ages taking part in different social exercises like singing, dancing, and cooking conventional dishes. For Nepalese individuals, Mother's Day may be a day to celebrate the bond between a mother and her child. It may be a day to express specific appreciation for the sacrificial love that moms provide to their children and the penances they make for their families. The social centrality of this day is seen in the way it brings individuals together, creating a sense of community and harmony that's profoundly esteemed in Nepalese culture.

In essence, Mother's Day in Nepal is a celebration of the love and sacrifice that moms make for their families. It may be a day to acknowledge the vital role that moms play in forming the lives of their children and society as a whole. It may be a day filled with warmth, bliss, and appreciation, and is a testament to the profound social values that Nepalese individuals hold dear.

Celebration Traditions:

In Nepal, Mother's Day could be an exceptionally extraordinary event where individuals express their cherish and gratitude towards their moms. It's a day filled with feelings, cherishes, and appreciation for the unlimited adoration and sacrifices that mothers make for their children. On this day, children attempt their best to make their mothers feel uncommon by cooking their favorite dishes, buying them gifts, and investing quality time with them. The boulevards are decorated with colorful pennants, and there's a common sense of bliss and joy in the air. Mothers, in turn, feel overwhelmed with the love and affection that their children appear to have for them on this day. It's a day when they feel esteemed and acknowledged for everything they do for their families.

Overall, Mother's Day in Nepal could be a lovely celebration of the bond between a mother and her child, and it could be a day filled with love, appreciation, and upbeat recollections.

Happy Arrangements:

Mother's Day could be an uncommon occasion celebrated in Nepal with incredible fervor. Individuals put in a lot of effort to prepare for this day and show their appreciation for their moms. There's a sense of warmth and cherishing within the discussion as families come together to arrange the idealized celebration. Children enthusiastically make carefully assembled cards and blessings for their moms, pouring their hearts out into each small detail. Mothers are profoundly touched by the eagerness and exertion that go into these presents. Within the days leading up to Mother's Day, markets are filled with individuals looking for the culminating blessing. The excitement is palpable as everyone tries to discover something that communicates their appreciation and adoration for their moms. On the day of the celebration, families accumulate for an uncommon dinner, frequently highlighting conventional Nepalese dishes. There's giggling and delight as everybody offers stories and recollections, cherishing the time they spent together. By and large, Mother's Day could be a wonderful and passionate event in Nepal, where the cherishing of and appreciation for moms is felt and celebrated with full hearts.

Changing Conventions:

In Nepal, the way individuals celebrate Mother's Day has been evolving. It's not close to giving endowments or sending cards anymore. Individuals have begun to express their adoration and appreciation for their moms in more individual and ardent ways. There's a developing trend of children taking their moms out for an uncommon feast, investing quality time together, and having important discussions. Numerous people are also using social media to share touching stories and memories about their moms and freely thank them for everything they've done.

Mother's Day in Nepal has ended up being more than just a commercial occasion. People are putting in more effort to make it a truly meaningful and enthusiastic encounter for their mothers. It's a wonderful thing to see the adoration and appreciation that individuals have for the foremost imperative lady in their lives.

Social Impact:

Mother's Day is an imperative celebration in Nepal that holds incredible social significance. It may be a day when people express their deep gratitude and fondness towards their moms for their unconditional love and give up. The celebration of this uncommon day creates a sense of passionate holding and closeness among family members. On Mother's Day, children in Nepal express their adoration and appreciation towards their moms by advertising blessings, cards, and flowers for them. The bliss and joy that this brings to moms is immeasurable, as they feel esteemed and acknowledged by their children. This makes for a warm and cherishing atmosphere in families, where the bond between moms and children is reinforced. The celebration of Mother's Day in Nepal highlights the vital role that moms play in society. It recognizes their difficult work and devotion in raising and supporting a long-term generation. This recognition of mothers' commitments advances sexual orientation correspondence and empowers women in society.

In general, Mother's Day in Nepal is an uncommon event that brings families closer and recognizes the imperative role that mothers play in society. It may be a day filled with love, gratitude, and appreciation for the most imperative ladies in our lives.

In conclusion, Mother's Day holds enormous social esteem in Nepal. It may be a day that inspires profound sentiments of adoration and appreciation for moms, who are respected as the pillars of families and society. The celebration of this uncommon day creates a warm climate, reinforcing the emotional bonds between family members. The acknowledgment and appreciation of mothers' commitments on Mother's Day advance sexual orientation correspondence and engage ladies in society. This highlights the significance of mothers in supporting and forming the future. 

Introduction

Nepal has a long and storied history when it comes to classic cars, with a rich and varied past that includes everything from the first car being brought into the country for the purpose of wild hunting, to Hitler gifting cars to the Nepalese monarchy in an attempt to sway them to fight for the Axis powers during World War II. Classic cars have played an important role in Nepali history, both as symbols of wealth and power and as cultural icons that have shaped the country's identity over the years. This article will explore the many facets of classic car culture in Nepal, from the early days of car ownership to the present day, and also will examine the various ways in which Nepalis have interacted with and preserved classic cars over the years.

Early Days of Car Ownership in Nepal

The first car to be brought into Nepal was a Rolls Royce that belonged to the then Prince Edward, who later became King Edward VIII of England. He brought the car across the Indian border in 1922 for the purpose of wild hunting in Kasara, Chitwan. However, it would be several years before the general public had access to cars. In fact, it was illegal for people to own cars until the early 1950s. The Rana family and a Nepali scientist named Gehendra Samsher independently imported a Ford company vehicle, but Nepalis weren't able to legally own vehicles until Chandra Samsher purchased one for himself.

The Rana dynasty saw a tradition of buying cars to complement their luxurious lifestyle. King Mahendra also bought American Chrysler and Mercedes Benz as his royal ride. However, at that time people would have to carry the car in a bamboo cart because there was no road connectivity from Terai to Kathmandu. There is a history of bringing around four dozen cars with the help of hundreds of Balami and Tamang porters from the Makwanpur district. They were all used to add to the luxury of the Shah and Rana lineage. The usual routes of car carrying were Chitlang, Kushle Chaur, Markhu Pauwa, Kulekhani, and Phakhel. The porters also belonged to the vicinity of those areas. The cars were first brought to Kolkata (then Calcutta) and then to Amlekhgunj. The porters would make a cart and start carrying the car after removing the tires from Bhimphedi, the then headquarters of Makwanpur. The strong porters would take 2-3 days to reach Chunikhel, Thankot. From Chunikhel, the car would be taken to the palaces by driving. The Newari community with a surname of Balami who served as a porter for a long time switched their professions later to become businessmen and farmers. But Tamang community continued their work as porters. Hence historically, Makwanpur’s Tamang people are recognized as the car carriers.

As Nepal opened up to the world in the 1950s, classic cars began to make their way into the country in greater numbers. King Mahendra, who ruled from 1955 to 1972, was known for his love of American cars, particularly Chryslers. In fact, he owned several Chryslers, which he would often drive around the capital city of Kathmandu. One of his most notable Chryslers was a 1957 Imperial Crown Convertible, which he had imported from the United States in 1958.

King Mahendra's collection of classic cars was eventually put on display at the Narayanhiti Palace Museum, which opened in 1970. The museum featured several of the king's cars, including his Imperial Crown Convertible, a 1959 Cadillac Fleetwood, a 1963 Lincoln Continental, and a 1965 Buick Electra. Unfortunately, many of the cars were damaged or destroyed during the Nepalese Civil War in the late 1990s.

The Rana family, which had ruled Nepal as prime ministers from 1846 to 1951, also had a love for classic cars. They imported many cars from Europe, including Rolls-Royces and Bentleys, to show off their wealth and status. These cars were often carried on the backs of porters to reach Kathmandu, as there were few roads in the country at the time.

Many of the classic cars owned by the Rana family are now on display at the Nepal Motor Company Museum in Kathmandu. The museum features cars from the early 1900s to the 1960s, including several Rolls-Royces, Bentleys, and Daimlers. The museum also has a collection of vintage motorcycles, including a 1926 Harley-Davidson and a 1942 Indian Chief.

The Nepal Motor Company, which was founded in 1948, is one of the oldest car dealerships in Nepal. The company has imported and sold many classic cars over the years, including Jaguars, MGs, and Triumphs. Today, the company is still in operation and continues to sell and service cars in Kathmandu.

Classic cars have also played a role in Nepalese cinema over the years. In the 1960s and 1970s, many Nepalese films featured classic cars, particularly American cars, as symbols of wealth and status. Some of the most popular films of the era, such as "Kusume Rumal" and "Chino," featured classic cars prominently.

Despite the challenges of maintaining and restoring classic cars in Nepal, many enthusiasts continue to cherish these vintage vehicles. They represent a unique and fascinating part of Nepal's history and culture, and they continue to capture the imagination of people around the world.

In conclusion, the history of classic cars in Nepal is a rich and fascinating subject. From the early days of car imports in the 1920s to the present day, classic cars have played an important role in Nepal's cultural and social history. They have been transported to their destinations on the backs of porters and have been owned by kings, prime ministers, and rich families. Today, classic car enthusiasts in Nepal continue to cherish and preserve these vintage vehicles, ensuring that their legacy lives on for future generations to enjoy.

With more than 100 different ethnic groups residing inside its boundaries, Nepal is also a melting pot of cultures. Dozens of festivals and religious events held throughout the year throughout the nation showcase its unique cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Nepal include Pashupatinath and Bhaktapur. And the tourism industry has become a major contributor to Nepal's economy.

Tourists come to Nepal with a variety of objectives; not all of them are solely interested in having fun and enjoying themselves. The purposes and destinations that individuals have can differ greatly. Below are some examples of the types of tourists who visit Nepal every year:

1.    Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism:

Nepal's appeal as a tourist destination goes beyond just its magnificent trekking destinations. It is also home to thousands of years' worth of religious heritage and sites, making it one of the most religious countries in the world. Nepal is a secular country that grants everyone the freedom to choose their religion. Hinduism is the most common religion, followed by Buddhism. Religious and pilgrimage tourism is related to religious purposes in different areas. Nepal boasts a diverse range of religious sites, including several temples dedicated to the country's 33 million gods and goddesses. Pashupatinath, Lumbini, Muktinath, Boudhanath, Swayambunath, Manakamana Temple, Janaki Temple, Kalinchwok Bhagwati, and Pathivara are among the most commonly visited religious places in Nepal.

2.    Historical and Cultural Tourism:

These types of tourists involve visiting historical areas to gain a deeper understanding of past events, attractions, archaeological sites, and other cultural aspects of a popular destination. Nepal is a country rich in historical and cultural heritage, attracting tourists from different countries to explore its historical sites. Popular historical and cultural sites in Nepal include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Pashupatinath, Swayembunath, Changunarayan, Lumbini, Mustang Caves, and many others. These historical sites offer visitors the opportunity to learn about Nepal's past and present, as well as the chance to witness firsthand the country's beautiful and intricate architecture and art.

3.    Adventure Tourism:

Nepal's adventure tourism sector is a big lure for tourists looking for thrilling and physically demanding activities as a form of entertainment and refreshment. Visitors from all over the world come to Nepal for adventure tourism to test their physical prowess and take in the region's breathtaking natural beautyreshment. Visitors from all over the world come to Nepal for adventure tourism to test their physical prowess and take in the region's breathtaking natural beauty. With a vast range of exhilarating sports available, including rafting, hiking, mountaineering, paragliding, rock climbing, canyoning, zip lining, bungee jumping, and many more, Nepal is a fantastic location for adventure tourism. The nation's natural landscape, including snow-capped mountains and raging rivers, provides the perfect setting for adventurous activities.

4.    Agro Tourism:

Agrotourism is a developing sector in Nepal that offers travelers a chance to experience rural living there, learn about traditional farming methods, and develop an understanding of the labor-intensive process of food production. It also helps local communities and farmers by giving them an extra source of income. Agro-tourism in Nepal offers visitors a variety of activities, from discovering traditional agricultural methods to sampling locally farmed food. This type of tourism enables visitors to take part in practical agricultural tasks including milking cows, picking fruit, harvesting crops, using agricultural tools, tasting and purchasing farm products, seeing farm demos, planting, and more.

5.    Business tourism:

Business tourists are individuals who journey for professional reasons, typically requiring them to attend meetings, conferences, or exhibitions. They are considered high-end tourists in terms of expenditure, despite their brief stay, as they tend to spend generously on top-notch services and amenities. The primary focus of business tourism is attending corporate events, which can range from informal meetings to large-scale conferences.

6.    MICE tourism:

MICE tourism is a term used to describe tourists who visit specific destinations to attend high-end conferences, meetings, incentives, conventions, and expositions. These events can be organized or official in nature. Nepal has several excellent MICE tourism destinations, including Chitwan, Kathmandu, Pokhara, Lumbini, and Janakpur. These locations offer top-notch facilities and amenities to cater to the needs of MICE tourists.

7.    Gastronomy / Culinary Tourism:

Gastronomy, or culinary tourism, involves travelers who embark on tourism activities to explore different cuisines. Nepal, with its diverse cultures and traditions, offers a wealth of culinary experiences. As a result, Nepal has become a popular destination for food exploration by tourists who provide reviews and share their experiences online. Each year, many food enthusiasts arrive in Nepal to explore the unique and diverse culinary offerings available throughout the country.

8.    Health tourism:

Health tourism refers to travelers who visit different locations to access better health practices, including medical treatments for illnesses. In Nepal, health tourism has emerged as a popular trend, with Ayurvedic treatments, therapies, yoga, and spa services being common practices. Due to Nepal's natural beauty, tourists who seek better health often have the opportunity to enjoy a refreshing and rejuvenating experience.

9.    Rural and urban tourism:

Nepal's beauty attracts tourists to both remote and urban areas. Rural tourism provides visitors with the opportunity to experience village life, utilize local amenities, and contribute to the economic and social growth of local communities. Top rural destinations in Nepal include Gandruk, Dhampus, Manag, and Mustang. In urban areas, tourists can easily access a wide range of services and facilities for a premium cost. Urban tourism is also popular in Nepal due to the convenience and variety it offers.

10.  Eco tourism:

Eco-tourism involves travelers who visit natural areas to promote environmental conservation and support the well-being of local communities. Nepal offers some of the best eco-tourism destinations, including dense forests, national parks, and conservation areas. Eco-tourism is beneficial for Nepal as it promotes environmental awareness and provides direct benefits for conservation efforts.

11.  Social tourism:

Social tourism refers to travelers who journey to support the economic growth of a specific group or to promote greater access to travel for underprivileged individuals. Social and economic awareness is a major aspect of social tourism, with tourists responsible for providing benefits to society in various forms. By engaging in social tourism, visitors can not only contribute to the lives of others but also gain international experience and learn more about themselves. Each year, numerous social tourists visit Nepal to support the well-being and development of the country.

12.  Nature-based tourism:

The natural splendor of Nepal makes it a perfect destination for outdoor enthusiasts. Visitors may appreciate Nepal's natural marvels by participating in a variety of activities such as bird watching, photography, astronomy, camping, trekking, hunting, and visiting parks. Nature tourism is a popular pastime in Nepal, allowing visitors to discover and enjoy the country's breathtaking scenery.

In conclusion, tourists of all stripes and with a range of interests and preferences are welcome in Nepal. These include adventure tourists looking for physically demanding activities, pilgrimage tourists visiting temples and sites for spiritual reasons, historical tourists curious about ancient events and their ruins, and agro-tourists visiting rural areas for activities related to agriculture. Tourists can also travel to Nepal to unwind and take in the country's natural beauty, culture, and friendliness. Nepal has a lot to offer, making it a popular destination for tourists from all over the world.

Below are some of the positive impacts that tourism can have on the economy and environment:

1.       Foreign currency earning:

Tourists from various countries are Nepal's primary foreign currency source. As they travel to relax and have fun, they spend money on local services and facilities provided by business owners, which creates an opportunity to earn foreign currency. This benefits both the tourists and the local economy.

2.       Contribution to government revenue:

When tourists arrive in any country, they pay for entry permits or visa applications. Additionally, they spend money on various services and facilities provided by service operators. These operators are required to pay taxes to the government, which helps increase the government's revenue. Therefore, both the taxes paid by service providers and the money spent by tourists contribute significantly to the government's revenue.

3.       Employment opportunities:

As the number of tourists increases, there is a greater need for more services and facilities. The tourism industry requires skilled manpower, providing educated individuals with employment opportunities. This can reduce complaints about being unemployed or underemployed. When tourists arrive at a destination, they have a variety of interests and require various services, such as accommodation, transportation, preservation of attraction areas, cultural shows, and other activities. These services create job opportunities that contribute to the area's economic growth.

4.       Infrastructural development:

Infrastructure plays a vital role in attracting tourists to a particular area. Tourists are unlikely to visit areas where infrastructure development has not taken place. While most places in cities are well-developed, rural areas often lack the necessary infrastructure. However, when people realize the benefits of tourism, they become motivated to develop their area. As many tourists are interested in enjoying nature, they tend to visit rural areas, which can lead to the development of necessary infrastructure.

5.       Contribution to local business and economy:

Small-scale local industries play a significant role in supporting large industries, both directly and indirectly. They also contribute to the growth of local businesses by utilizing their services in the service sector. When tourists visit rural areas, they prefer staying in a home rather than hotels. This creates a demand for local products, which tourists are willing to pay for, generating income for the local community. By doing so, the local economy can flourish and grow.

6.       Increase in living standard of people:

Tourism is a diverse business with several sectors, and its advantages reach a wide range of individuals and groups. When tourism thrives in a region, it generates more revenue and opens up prospects for greater engagement from all stakeholders. This increase in revenue and engagement can contribute to an improvement in the local community's living conditions. As a result, tourism may benefit the local economy by producing employment and opening up prospects for entrepreneurship and community development.

7.       Improve quality product:

When traveling, tourists often seek high-quality things to guarantee that they get good value for their money. Because visitors would not accept satisfactory items, this demand for quality products may motivate local manufacturers to raise the level of their products. As a result, the local community gains access to and benefits from these higher-quality products. Finally, the push for higher-quality items in response to tourist demand might have a knock-on impact, resulting in better living conditions for the local population.

Below are some of the adverse effects of tourism on Nepal's economy and environment:

1.       Inflation:

Inflation is the process of raising and lowering the value of a currency. Tourism creates the situation due to the unbalanced payment of nations and the comparison of local currencies in dollars. The flow of tourists in certain places may cause inflation, which may create an economic crisis in certain places where tourists visit. Therefore, while tourism can provide significant benefits to the local economy, it is essential to manage its impact to avoid the negative consequences of inflation.

2.       Dependency on tourism:

Tourism can contribute to any location's economic growth, but it can also create dependency and create crises in certain situations. Excessive reliance on tourism can lead to negative consequences, causing difficulties in sustaining businesses and forcing people to seek alternative livelihoods. This was particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic when travel restrictions halted tourism activities, and areas in Nepal that heavily relied on tourism were unable to meet their basic needs. Thus, while tourism can be a valuable source of income, it is essential to diversify the economy and not become overly reliant on tourism as the sole source of revenue. By doing so, communities can better withstand the negative impacts of crises and maintain a sustainable economy.

3.       Seasonally load:

Tourism is a seasonal business and has its highs and lows. During the high season, there is a surge in the number of tourists, which creates a high seasonal load to handle. On the other hand, during the low or off-season, the arrival of tourists is low, which means there is not much work to do and consequently, low income.

4.       Less priority to domestic products:

Tourism businesses often prioritize providing standard services and branded products to tourists who come from abroad. This can create a situation where domestic products are given less priority, and businesses may choose to import goods from other countries instead. This can lead to fewer opportunities for domestic products and industries to thrive.

5.       Illegal economical activities:

Tourists may make illegal demands from those engaged in the tourism industry, with the belief that money can buy anything. Unfortunately, some individuals may be willing to accept such illegal demands, which can harm the long-term sustainability of the business. These practices can also create negative impacts on society and the economy of certain areas.

As tourism carries both positive and negative aspects, it is important to manage tourism in a sustainable way that maximizes the benefits while minimizing the negative impacts. This can be achieved by implementing policies and regulations that ensure environmental and cultural preservation, as well as equitable economic distribution. By doing so, Nepal can continue to enjoy the benefits of tourism without compromising its natural and cultural heritage for future generations.

Technology has made education more accessible, convenient, and effective. The outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic is a prime example of how technology has revolutionized the education system. With schools and universities shut down to contain the spread of the virus, online learning platforms became the go-to mode of education. Traditional classroom settings, which relied on face-to-face interactions with instructors, have now been replaced by online learning platforms. Students can now access educational resources from the comfort of their homes, allowing them to learn at their own pace and convenience. This approach has made education more flexible and accessible to students from different parts of the world.

Technology has made education more accessible, convenient, and effective. The outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic is a prime example of how technology has revolutionized the education system. With schools and universities shut down to contain the spread of the virus, online learning platforms became the go-to mode of education. Traditional classroom settings, which relied on face-to-face interactions with instructors, have now been replaced by online learning platforms. Students can now access educational resources from the comfort of their homes, allowing them to learn at their own pace and convenience. This approach has made education more flexible and accessible to students from different parts of the world.

Technology has been a game-changer for children with disabilities, as it has provided them with the opportunity to learn in a more comfortable and inclusive environment. These children often face social and emotional challenges in traditional classroom settings, which can make learning difficult. By providing them with online learning platforms, technology has enabled them to study at their own pace without feeling discriminated against or stigmatized. This approach has made education more accessible and inclusive, allowing children with disabilities to develop their skills and achieve their full potential.

Not all students have the same interests when it comes to education. Some students may have a passion for subjects outside the traditional academic curriculum. For example, they may be interested in music, art, or fashion. Thanks to technology, these students can explore their interests and pursue learning opportunities that are tailored to their specific needs. Whether it's taking an online course, watching a tutorial, or collaborating with like-minded individuals, technology provides students with a range of resources that they can use to expand their knowledge in their chosen field. This has opened up new pathways for students to explore their passions and develop skills that can be applied to their future careers.

Another advantage of technology in education and learning is the possibility of expense savings. Since they can access course materials and tools from the convenience of their homes, online learning platforms have helped many students lower the cost of their education. Due to the abundance of online resources that are free or considerably less expensive than traditional textbooks, the price of textbooks and other educational materials has also greatly decreased. Students' transportation expenses, including fares for public transportation, can add up fast, particularly if they reside far from school or college.

In the past, students were limited to book knowledge and were often disconnected from the outside world. However, with the advent of technology, students can access a wealth of information and stay up-to-date with current events. This exposure to real-world issues and diverse perspectives has made students more knowledgeable and expanded their understanding of the world around them. By staying informed and connected, students can develop critical thinking skills, empathy, and a sense of global awareness. This has also helped them become more well-rounded individuals who can contribute positively to society.

Despite having numerous positive aspects, technology also has some drawbacks or disadvantages, which include:

1.       Dependence on technology:

The easy availability of information on the internet may cause students to overlook the importance of developing critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative skills. As a result, they may become overly reliant on the internet for everything, and when given a project requiring critical thinking, they may simply use technology and justify it as a means of utilizing available resources. This dependence on technology has emerged as a major concern for children in the modern age.

2.       Isolation:

The utilization of technology in education can limit opportunities for face-to-face interactions, potentially resulting in a decline in communication skills among students. This could particularly affect introverted individuals, causing them to further withdraw and struggle with expressing themselves in social situations, ultimately leading to social isolation.

3.       Distraction:

The current generation of students tends to misuse technology, leading to increased distractions during their learning. Social media, online gaming, and other digital diversions can easily draw their attention away from their studies, impeding their ability to concentrate and absorb information. With many students currently learning online, it is not uncommon for them to attend class while keeping their cameras turned off and engaging in social media or online gaming, as observed during the lockdown period.

4.       Inequality:

In Nepal, certain rural regions have yet to experience the benefits of technological progress. Consequently, individuals residing in such areas may not have access to the latest technological resources, resulting in a technological divide that leaves them behind in terms of technical skills and opportunities. This inequality is further exacerbated by the presence of economically disadvantaged students who may not have the means to obtain the latest technological tools, impeding their ability to receive the same level of education as their more technologically privileged counterparts.

5.       Security and privacy:

Worries about security vulnerabilities, data leaks, and other privacy concerns are growing as technology continues to play an increasingly important role in education. Students and instructors equally may find themselves susceptible to various cyber dangers, such as hacking, phishing, and malware attacks, as a result of the pervasive use of online platforms and digital tools. The use of technology in education is becoming more prevalent, which has given hackers new opportunities to attack people who are weak and use their personal information against them.

Undoubtedly, technology is a blessing in the modern era; however, numerous students and individuals are misusing it. The correct utilization of technology can prove advantageous, but if it is abused, it can have detrimental effects on individuals. 

The Social Welfare Council reports that as of September 2021, 424 INGOs are registered to operate in Nepal. However, this number is subject to change as INGOs may withdraw or new ones may register to work in Nepal.

INGOs have made a major contribution to Nepal in several areas, including disaster relief, human rights, education, health, and poverty alleviation. INGOs have played important roles in Nepal, including the following:

1.       Providing humanitarian assistance:

INGOs have played a crucial role in Nepal, especially when it comes to supporting humanitarian crises and sustainable development during natural disasters. Numerous INGOs were instrumental in helping the affected communities receive instant relief and rehabilitation during the 2015 earthquake. They put in an endless effort to give those impacted by the disaster vital aid, such as food, shelter, and medical supplies.

2.       Supporting development initiatives:

INGOs have been actively assisting Nepal's growth efforts for several years. In distant and underserved regions of the nation, they have been a significant help to the government in constructing roads, schools, and health facilities. To meet these communities' growth requirements, INGOs' assistance has been crucial. The education field is one area where INGOs have had a major effect. INGOs have also assisted the government in providing essential medical care in remote areas. Nepal can move closer to achieving its development objectives with ongoing assistance from INGOs.

3.       Advocacy and lobbying:

INGOs have played a significant role in pushing for policy changes and persuading the government to provide marginalized groups in Nepal with improved services and programs. INGOs have been instrumental in promoting policies that advance the rights of underrepresented groups, such as women, children, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. With continued support from INGOs, Nepal can continue to make progress toward achieving a more equitable and just society.

4.       Capacity Building:

INGOs have been offering local groups and organizations in Nepal a range of training and capacity-building programs. The subject of agriculture is one of the main areas where INGOs have been offering training and skill development. INGOs have been assisting in the formation of farmer unions to aid farmers in expanding their access to marketplaces and strengthening their negotiating position. In the area of entrepreneurship and small company growth, INGOs have also been offering training and capacity-building initiatives. To assist these companies in succeeding, INGOs have been offering training in business planning, financial administration, and marketing techniques. Another area where INGOs have been providing training and capacity-building is in the field of healthcare. With continued support from INGOs, local organizations and communities in Nepal can continue to develop their resources and achieve self-sustainability.

5.       Peace building and conflict resolution:

Community-based peace projects have been one of the main ways that INGOs have supported reconciliation in Nepal. INGOs have promoted communication and collaboration between various groups through a variety of programs and projects, lowering conflicts and promoting trust between them. The significance of fostering a culture of harmony in Nepal has been acknowledged by INGOs. They have worked to support the development of calm and inclusive communities, promote nonviolent dispute-resolution techniques, and increase the effectiveness of civil society groups.

Many INGOs are working in Nepal across various sectors. Here are some of the well-known INGOs working in Nepal:

1.       Oxfam:

Oxfam is a global movement comprised of individuals who are committed to fighting inequality and working toward ending poverty and injustice. Twenty NGOs from around the world collaborate under the name Oxfam to operate in more than 90 nations. The objectives of Oxfam in Nepal are to advance social equity, economic development, and humanitarian aid. Through the support of sustainable livelihoods, the advancement of women's rights, and the promotion of catastrophe risk reduction, they strive to resolve the underlying reasons for poverty and inequality. In times of natural catastrophes and humanitarian emergencies, Oxfam also offers urgent aid.

2.       Save the children:

A worldwide NGO called Save the Children works to better the lives of children who are in need all over the globe. Since 1976, Save the Children has been active in Nepal. The mission of Save the Children is to create a better future for kids in Nepal and all over the globe. Save the Children placed a particular emphasis on enhancing the lives of kids and their families in Nepal. They strive to advance children's rights, increase access to healthcare and education, and offer security services to children who require them. Through community-based initiatives, Save the Children also strives to address the underlying reasons for inequality and poverty. Additionally, they react to crises and emergencies, offering vital support and assistance to the impacted communities.

3.       CARE:

Barbara and Buzz Bradley founded the non-governmental organization (INGO) CARE in June 2006. It is an international charity that strives to eradicate poverty and advance social equity. The objectives of CARE's work in Nepal are to advance social equity, combat poverty, and uplift women and girls. They strive to increase people's access to healthcare, education, and job prospects, especially for those with limited resources. In addition, CARE strives to support gender equity and women's empowerment as well as deal with the underlying reasons for inequality and poverty. Additionally, CARE reacts to crises and natural disasters, giving impacted communities vital aid and support.

4.       World Wildlife Fund (WWF):

A worldwide organization called World Wildlife Fund is dedicated to the preservation of the environment and the protection of wildlife. Similarly, WWF's mission is overly centered on supporting environmental protection and healthy growth. Sustainable growth and the preservation of Nepal's distinctive wildlife are priorities for the WWF. Tigers, rhinos, elephants, snow leopards, and other threatened animals are among those whose environments and populations are protected by the WWF. To advance conservation initiatives and enhance the administration of natural resources, they collaborate with regional communities, governmental institutions, and other organizations.

5.       Doctors Without Borders (MSF):

Doctors without Borders also known as Médecins Sans Frontières is a non-governmental organization of French origin that provides humanitarian medical care. MSF has been essential in Nepal in giving medical aid during crises and disasters. In addition to reacting to the COVID-19 pandemic, MFS is offering medical treatment and aid during the 2015 earthquake and its following waves. MSF also works to assist vulnerable and neglected people with basic healthcare and mental health services, especially in rural and isolated parts of the nation. The goal of MSF in Nepal is to offer medical aid to anyone who needs it, irrespective of ethnicity, gender, or political affiliation.

These are just a few examples of the INGOs that have been providing aid to Nepal for many years. Many other INGOs are also actively involved in assisting Nepal, each with its unique objectives and approaches. Collectively, these INGOs are contributing to Nepal's development in a multitude of ways.

One of the most popular activities in Nepal is trekking, which draws in thousands of tourists each year who seek to immerse themselves in the unspoiled beauty of nature. Nepal offers a wide range of trekking options to suit all skill levels and preferences. So if you're looking to escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life and immerse yourself in the pristine beauty of nature, Nepal is undoubtedly one of the best places to visit. With its stunning natural landscapes, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality, Nepal is a destination that promises to leave you with unforgettable memories and experiences that will last a lifetime.

Some of the popular places for trekking in the Kathmandu Valley include:

1.       Shivapuri National Park:

The Shivapuri National Park, which opened in 2002, is home to a diverse range of animals, including leopards, black bears, and barking deer. The area also has 177 bird species, 102 butterfly species, and 129 mushroom species. The northern area offers breathtaking views of the Himalayas, while the southern slopes offer panoramic views of the Kathmandu valley.

The park has a variety of trekking trails ranging in complexity from easy walks to more difficult treks that take several days to finish. The trail to the summit of Shivapuri Peak, which sits at an elevation of 2,732 meters, is one of the most famous hikes. This hike takes about 5–6 hours to complete and provides stunning views of the nearby mountains and valleys. The trail that goes to Nagi Gumba, a Buddhist monastery situated within the park, is another popular hike. The trail provides breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.

2.       Nagarjun Forest Reserve:

Nagarjun Forest Reserve, near Kathmandu, is a famous trekking destination. The forest is a famous spot for bird watching and is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Nagarjun Forest Reserve, situated on the outskirts of Kathmandu, is a popular trekking destination. The reserve has a variety of trekking routes ranging in complexity from easy walks to more difficult treks that take several hours to finish.

The route that goes to Nagarjun Hill's summit, which is located at an elevation of 2,095 meters, is one of the best-known treks. This 2- to 3-hour trek provides breathtaking views of the Kathmandu valley and the surrounding mountains. The path that goes to Jamacho Gumba, a Buddhist shrine inside the reserve, is another well-known trek. The trail takes about 2-3 hours to complete and provides a unique combination of cultural significance and natural beauty.

3.       Champa Devi:

Champa Devi, at 2278 meters, is the third-highest peak in the Kathmandu Valley. The trek begins in Pharping and brings tourists through lush forests, charming villages, and stunning scenery. Mt. Everest, Ganesh Himal, Annapurna, Langtang, Gaurishanker, and other beautiful summits and ranges can be seen from Champa Devi. Similarly, ancient sites such as the Bagmati River, Bugmati, Khokana, and Pharping can be visited during Champa Devi Trekking. So, if you only have a few days in Nepal and want to see the entire Kathmandu Valley, or if you want to see stunning views of many gorgeous mountains, or if you want to go high in the mountains, Champa Devi is the best place to go. Fulchoki Hill is on the right, and Chandra Giri, which is the highest hill around Kathmandu Valley, is on the left. The trek takes approximately 3–4 hours to complete and is suitable for all levels of hikers.

4.       Phulchowki:

Phulchowki is situated in southeastern Kathmandu; it is one of the highest points in the Kathmandu Valley and is home to diverse flora and fauna, including over 300 bird species. The hike to the summit takes about 4-5 hours and provides breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains.

5.       Chandragiri Hill:

The renowned trekking destination in the Kathmandu Valley is Chandragiri Hill. The trek to the summit of Chandragiri Hill is a difficult but rewarding experience that provides breathtaking views of the Himalayan range and the Kathmandu valley. Visitors can tour Chandragiri Hill Station once they reach the top and take in the breathtaking views of the Himalayas and the Kathmandu Valley. The hike takes about 3–4 hours to finish and is suitable for hikers of all skill levels.

Some of the popular places for trekking in the Bhaktapur district include:

1.       Nagarkot:

  Nagarkot, a hill station about 28 kilometers east of Kathmandu and 6 kilometers north of Bhaktapur, is a famous trekking destination. The trek to Nagarkot usually begins in Sankhu. The trek to Nagarkot brings tourists along scenic trails with breathtaking views of the Himalayan mountain range and surrounding hills. Panoramic mountain views include Mt. Everest, Mt. Manaslu, Dhaulagiri, Langtang, Gaurishankar, and many others. The view of Kathmandu and Bhaktapur can be seen from a 360-degree angle. The trek takes approximately 4–5 hours to complete. Nagarkot is also known for its beautiful sunrise and sunset views, making it a popular destination for tourists.

2.       Changu Narayan:

Changu Narayan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nepal's Bhaktapur region, and it is thought to be the country's oldest temple. In addition to its historical and cultural significance, Changu Narayan is a famous trekking destination. The trek to Changu Narayan usually begins in Sankhu, about 17 kilometers northeast of Kathmandu. Visitors can follow a scenic path from Sankhu that goes through terraced fields, small villages, and lush forests. Visitors can experience stunning views of the surrounding hills and valleys, as well as several ancient temples and shrines, along the route. The hike takes about 2-3 hours to be finished.

3.       Suryabinayek Temple:

Suryabinayak Temple is a well-known Hindu temple about 13 kilometers east of Kathmandu. Aside from its religious significance, the area is also a famous trekking destination. The trek to Suryabinayak Temple begins in Bhaktapur and proceeds along a scenic route through lush forests, terraced fields, and traditional villages. Visitors can experience stunning views of the surrounding hills and valleys, as well as several ancient temples and shrines, along the route. The hike takes about 2–3 hours to complete.

4.       Dhulikhel:

Dhulikhel is an attractive hill town in the Kavrepalanchok district. The town is a famous trekking location with breathtaking views of the Himalayan mountain range. The trek to Dhulikhel begins in Banepa and takes a scenic path through lush forests and traditional villages. Visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the nearby hills and valleys along the way. The hike takes about 3–4 hours to complete.

The Kathmandu and Bhaktapur districts offer several popular destinations for trekking enthusiasts. However, there are numerous other places for trekking throughout Nepal, making it a highly sought-after destination for those who love nature and enjoy the beauty of the great outdoors. Whether you are an experienced hiker or a beginner, Nepal offers something for everyone, from challenging high-altitude treks to more leisurely walks through lush forests and traditional villages. With its breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage, Nepal is truly a must-visit destination for anyone interested in hiking and trekking.

Despite the historical oppression and deprivation that women in Nepal have faced, they have been able to overcome these challenges and have made significant strides in various areas. Women are increasingly proving their worth and showcasing their capabilities in fields that were once considered the sole preserve of men. They are demonstrating that they can excel in traditionally male-dominated sectors and are showing the world that they are not weak and are just as strong as men.

Nepali women have shown resilience, determination, and strength in various areas. Women are increasingly taking leadership roles in politics, business, and other fields. They are breaking barriers and shattering stereotypes, showing the world that they are just as capable as men in these areas.

Women's political participation in Nepal has grown gradually over the last few decades. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that women are represented in the world of politics. When Nepal established a quota system in 1991, it sought to expand women's participation in politics by allocating 33% of seats in the national parliament to women. It helped increase women's political visibility and impact. Women have made major strides in politics in recent years. Women occupy several high-level posts in Nepal's government, including the President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Women are also well represented in structures of local administration, such as municipal councils.

Here are some of the notable women who are involved in politics:

1. Bidya Devi Bhandari:

    She is the former president of Nepal, the first woman to hold the position of president, and the second person to become president of Nepal.

2. Onsari Gharti Magar:

    She was the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives in Nepal and served from 2015 to 2018.

3. Sahana Pradhan:

    She was the first female Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives in Nepal and served from 1999 to 2002.

4. Shanta Chaudhary:

    She is the Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Development in the Nepali government. She was appointed to the position in 2018.

5. Urmila Aryal:

   She is a member of the Nepali Congress political party and was appointed as the Minister of Women, Children, and Senior Citizens in 2019.

Women are constantly striving to make an impact in the business world as well. They are launching successful startups and leading existing firms as entrepreneurs. The growth of microfinance companies, which provide small loans and financial services to women entrepreneurs, has contributed to the growing role of women in Nepali business. Government policies and initiatives have also contributed to the advancement of women's entrepreneurship and economic empowerment. In addition, the government has created the Women Entrepreneurship Development Program to provide training and support to women who want to start their own companies. Many other groups have also played an important role in encouraging women's entrepreneurship and economic empowerment.

Here are some of the women who are involved in the business:

1. Kunti Shahi:

    She is the founder and CEO of Smart Tech Solution, a software development company based in Kathmandu. She is also the founder of the Women's Business Center, which provides training and support to women entrepreneurs.

2. Sabrina Singh:

    She is the co-founder of Aji's, a popular chain of Mexican restaurants in Kathmandu. She is also the founder of Sabrina Singh and Associates, a marketing and advertising agency.

3. Rita Singh:

    she is the founder of the IEC College of Art and Fashion, which offers courses in fashion design and merchandising. She is also the founder of the Rita Singh Foundation, which supports education and empowerment initiatives for women and girls.

4. Roshni KC:

    She is the founder and CEO of Khaalisisi, a waste management startup that connects waste collectors with buyers.

5. Sushmita Pandey:

    She is the founder and CEO of Urban Girl, an online shopping platform that specializes in women's clothing and accessories.

In the field of social and development work, women are at the forefront. They are making significant contributions in various fields, such as education, health, and human rights. In urban areas, many Nepali women are working to enhance access to education for women, recognizing that education is crucial in breaking the cycle of poverty and promoting gender equality. They are also focusing on improving health outcomes for their communities through initiatives like maternal and child health programs, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, clean water and sanitation, and other health services. Furthermore, Nepali women are playing a critical role in promoting human rights and social justice by addressing issues like gender-based violence, human trafficking, and child labor.

Some of the Nepali women who are contributing to the field of social and development work are:

1. Anuradha Koirala:

    She is the founder of Maiti Nepal, a non-governmental organization that works to combat human trafficking and support survivors of trafficking and gender-based violence.

2. Pushpa Basnet:

    She is the founder of the Early Childhood Development Center and Butterfly Home, which provide housing and education to children whose parents are incarcerated in Nepal's prison system.

3. Radha Paudel:

    She is the founder of Action Works Nepal, which works to improve the lives of women and girls in rural areas through initiatives like menstrual hygiene education, health programs, and advocacy.

4. Rita Thapa:

    She is the founder of Tewa, a women-led fund that supports grassroots women's organizations and promotes women's leadership and empowerment.

5. Sharmila Karki:

    She is a social worker who works to provide education and support to women and girls in rural areas, with a focus on menstrual hygiene education.

Nepali women have come a long way and are making significant contributions to the development of the country. Despite significant challenges, women are showing that they can be leaders and change agents in a variety of fields. Their determination, resilience, and grit serve as an example to others and demonstrate that gender should not impede success.

When it comes to social media in business, facilitates real-time communication with customers and the sharing of information. Additionally, social media can help businesses enhance their customer outreach, establish an online network, and promote and sell products and services through online platforms.

Selecting appropriate social media platforms that cater to the target audience can save valuable time and effort for businesses. Therefore, here are a few social media platforms that can be leveraged for business purposes:

1. Social networking sites:

Social networking sites are online platforms that enable users to create public profiles and engage with other users. These sites facilitate the creation of personal profiles or pages, networking with others, and sharing information, including promotions, images, and videos. Establishing a business profile on social networking sites can aid in attracting followers, acquiring new customers, and building a brand. Examples of social networking sites include Facebook, Pinterest, and Instagram.

2. Job networking sites:

These sites offer an online platform for professionals to engage with each other, join groups, post blogs, and share information. Job networking sites like LinkedIn enable individuals to build a professional business profile and connect with networks of skilled people for recruitment and development purposes.

3. Blogs:

Blogs are digital diaries where individuals can express their thoughts, observations, promotions, links, images, and videos. Typically, blogs are public and allow readers to interact with the author through comments. Blogs can be hosted in-house or through a blogging platform that offers software and website hosting. Some examples of free blogging tools include Blogger and WordPress.

4. Video sharing sites:

These sites provide a platform for individuals and businesses to share content, promote products or services, and connect with audiences through video. Examples of video-sharing sites include YouTube, Vimeo, and Dailymotion.

5. Private social network service:

Private social network services enable individuals to share information within a private network, which can be advantageous for businesses seeking to establish a secure organization-only network for sharing knowledge. Yammer is an example of a private social network service.

Nepali businesses are leveraging various types of social media content, such as podcasts, social news communities, and location-based services, to enhance their operations.

Here are some of the roles played by social media in Nepali business:

1. Marketing and promotion:

Nepali businesses use social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to show their products to more people. They can make ads, post pictures and videos of their products, and talk to potential customers on social media.

2. Customer engagement:

Nepali businesses are using social media to talk to their customers and help them. They can answer questions, fix problems, and tell customers about new things they have for sale.

3. Sales:

Many Nepali businesses sell their products on Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, and other social media sites. They put up pictures of what they have and let customers buy them right there on the site.

Here are some of the advantages that social media offers to Nepali businesses:

1. Increase market reach, including international markets:

Social media offers businesses a platform to expand their market reach, including globally, by creating content that resonates with a broader audience. It also facilitates engagement with international markets through cross-cultural communication, fosters relationships, and enhances brand awareness.

2. Develop brand:

Social media enables businesses to engage with customers in real-time, improving customer engagement and building customer loyalty, which can help establish a strong brand identity. It can also provide an opportunity for businesses to develop and strengthen their brand identity through consistent messaging, increased brand awareness, visual branding, customer engagement, user-generated content, and influencer marketing.

3. Exchange ideas to improve the way to do business:

Social media allows businesses to connect with other professionals and potential partners, leading to new ideas, collaborations, and partnerships. It also enables online collaboration among employees, partners, and stakeholders, enhancing communication, increasing productivity, and streamlining business processes.

3. Keep an eye on competitors:

Social media enables businesses to monitor their competitors' social media activity, including the content they post, the frequency of their posts, and the engagement they receive from their followers. It also provides an opportunity to learn from competitors' successes and failures, which can help businesses, adjust their social media strategies and improve their performance.

4. Customer insights:

Social media analytics provide businesses with valuable insights into customer behavior and preferences, enabling them to tailor products and services to meet customer needs.

Like everything else, social media has its advantages and disadvantages. In the context of Nepali business, some of the drawbacks of social media are:

1. Distraction:

As everyone has become fond of social media nowadays, it can lead to distraction among employees and make them less productive. This distraction can also lead to lower-quality work and missed deadlines, which can ultimately harm the overall performance of a business.

2. Negative feedback:

In the world of social media, customers have the power to share their opinions and experiences with a vast audience. While this can be beneficial for businesses with good products and services, it can be detrimental for those with poor-quality offerings.

3. Misinformation:

With the ease and speed at which information can be shared on social media platforms, false information can quickly become viral and spread rapidly among the audience. This can have negative consequences for a business, such as a damaged reputation, the loss of customers, or decreased sales.

4. Time-consuming:

Managing social media effectively can be a time-consuming task for businesses, as it requires dedicated resources to develop and implement a social media strategy, create content, and engage with customers. This can divert valuable time and resources away from other business operations, which can impact productivity and profitability.

5. Security concerns:

Social media platforms are not immune to cyber threats and data breaches. They can be vulnerable to various security risks, including hacking, phishing, and malware attacks. If a cyberattack or data breach occurs, it can result in the theft of sensitive business and customer data, reputational damage, and financial loss.

Social media has become an essential tool for Nepali businesses to promote their products and services, connect with customers, and build their brands. With the use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok, and Twitter, businesses can reach a wider audience, engage with customers, provide customer support, and even sell their products directly. With the advancement of technology, it is evident that social media will keep playing a more significant role in Nepali business, providing new opportunities for growth and success.

In recent times, there has been an abundance of news in Nepal highlighting the wastage of agricultural products. It is astonishing to learn that Nepalese farmers are discarding their produce due to inadequate prices, while the country is simultaneously importing agricultural goods from India. This is a shameful state of affairs for Nepal's economy.

Various analyses and case studies should be conducted to address the issue described above. The Nepalese government should also pay attention to this critical yet often overlooked issue. It is unacceptable that Nepal's agricultural production is being wasted while the same products are being imported from other countries. The government should inquire into the needs of farmers and determine ways to motivate them to increase their production. These are important questions that the government should be asking itself.

Here are some possible reasons why farmers may be wasting their agricultural products on the road rather than selling it in the market:

1. Lack of Proper Market Access:

The agricultural marketing system in Nepal is characterized by a high degree of disorganization. The absence of any well-defined and structured system of measurement in rural areas has led to a situation where farmers are at the mercy of middlemen who exploit them. Farmers are not aware of the actual value of their products and are therefore unable to get a fair price. The middlemen determine the price of the products and often earn more than the farmers themselves. This has resulted in a demotivated farming community that is discouraged from increasing its production.

2. Less Bargaining Power:

Low bargaining power means that farmers have limited ability to negotiate the prices and terms of sale for their products. When farmers are not able to get a fair price for their products, they may become demotivated to sell them. This is because they may feel that their hard work and efforts are not being appropriately compensated.

3. Inadequate Irrigation Facilities:

Adequate irrigation is vital for agriculture, yet in Nepal, the irrigation facilities are insufficient. Nepalese farmers heavily rely on the monsoon for their irrigation needs, and only 55.8% of cultivated land has access to irrigation. Even the available irrigation facilities are not operational throughout the year, resulting in lower productivity. Without sufficient irrigation, it is impossible to increase productivity, which can ultimately lead to decreased production by farmers.

4. Lack of Physical Infrastructure:

The development of agriculture in Nepal is hindered by the insufficient physical infrastructure necessary for its growth. Essential facilities such as roads, irrigation systems, equipment, machinery, warehouses, and market centers are necessary for the exchange of agricultural products and for increasing the income of farmers. The absence of proper infrastructure also impedes the marketing of products, resulting in lower sales.

5. Inappropriate Government Policy:

The government's policy for the development of the agriculture sector in Nepal is inadequate. The agriculture policy does not consider the geographical location, regional prospects, or the needs of the people. Additionally, there is a lack of proper coordination between policies, priorities, programs, strategies, and their implementation, resulting in farmers not receiving a fair price for their products.

6. Lack of Storage Facility:

Nepalese farmers do not have access to storage facilities for their products, which compels them to sell at low prices during the harvesting season. They are unable to store their products for sale when demand and prices are high. Additionally, a significant amount of agricultural products is damaged by insects and rodents in traditional warehouses.

7. Existence of Middleman:

The majority of farmers in Nepal sell their products in local markets, which are typically intermediated by middlemen before reaching the ultimate consumers. As farmers lack organization, bargaining skills, and power, the pricing and flow of products heavily rely on middlemen. As a result, consumers end up paying higher prices, while farmers do not receive reasonable compensation for their products.

The Nepal government can take several measures to prevent farmers from wasting their products on the road and encourage them to sell in the market:

1. Provision of Storage Facilities:

Nepalese farmers do not have adequate warehouse facilities for storing their agricultural products, resulting in damage to the products' quality by pests, insects, dust, and weather conditions. Therefore, the Nepalese government should provide sufficient cold storage warehouses to farmers to encourage increased production.

2. Development of Transportation Facility:

Nepal's transportation network is inadequate, particularly in rural areas where all-weather roads are scarce and even existing transport facilities become unusable during the rainy season. As a result, farmers are unable to transport their products easily to market centers and sell them at reasonable prices. Therefore, the government should invest in the development of transportation facilities for agricultural products to improve farmers' access to markets.

3. Establish Market Linkages:

Establishing market linkages between farmers and potential buyers can assist farmers in finding dependable buyers for their products and reduce the need to sell to middlemen at low prices.

4. Ensure Proper Implementation of Policies:

The proper implementation of policies supporting the development of the agricultural sector by the government would create a conducive environment for farmers to sell their products at fair prices, ultimately reducing product wastage on the roads.

5. Remedies of Middleman:

Middlemen discourage farmers from producing and selling their products by taking advantage of their lack of knowledge and bargaining power. Most farmers sell their products in local markets, with middlemen playing a significant role in the product's flow to the ultimate consumer. Therefore, the government should penalize middlemen who offer farmers low prices for their products while charging high prices to consumers.

While farmers may face challenges with their production, wasting is not an appropriate solution. If farmers have any issues with their production, they should communicate with relevant parties, but it's important to keep in mind that wasting is not a viable solution.

History of Commercial Bank

Commercial banks in Nepal have a relatively recent history, dating back to the early 20th century. The first commercial bank in Nepal was the Nepal Bank Limited, which was established in 1937 with support from the government of Nepal and the British government.

However, the development of the banking sector in Nepal was slow until the 1960s, when the country began to open up to foreign investment and trade. In 1966, the Nepal Rastra Bank, the central bank of Nepal, was established to regulate and supervise the banking system in the country.

In the following years, several other commercial banks were established, including the Rastriya Banijya Bank in 1966, the Nepal Bank of Ceylon in 1975 (which later became the Bank of Ceylon), and the Standard Chartered Bank of Nepal in 1987. The liberalization of the Nepalese economy in the early 1990s led to a rapid expansion of the banking sector, with several new commercial banks being established. Today, over two dozen commercial banks are operating in Nepal, providing a wide range of banking services to individuals and businesses.

 The Nepalese banking sector has faced a number of challenges over the years, including political instability, natural disasters, and economic downturns. However, the sector has remained resilient and continues to play a vital role in the country's economy.

Types of Commercial Bank

Commercial banks are financial institutions that provide various banking services to individuals, businesses, and government entities. There are different types of commercial banks, including:

1. Retail or consumer banks:

   These are commercial banks that offer a range of banking services to individual customers, such as checking and savings accounts, loans, credit cards, and mortgages.

2. Corporate or business banks:

   These banks provide banking services to large corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and other business entities. They offer services such as lending, investment banking, treasury management, and cash management.

3. Investment banks:

   These banks primarily deal with providing investment services to their clients. They provide securities underwriting, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisory, and securities trading.

4. Private banks:

   These banks provide personalized banking services to high-net-worth individuals (HNIs) and their families. They offer services such as wealth management, investment management, and estate planning.

5. Cooperative banks:

   These banks are owned and operated by their members, who are typically from a common profession or geographic region. They offer services such as savings and loans, checking accounts, and other banking services.  

6. Development banks:

   These banks focus on providing funding and other support to promote economic development in their countries. They offer services such as financing for infrastructure projects, SMEs, and social enterprises.

These are some of the common types of commercial banks. However, some banks may offer a combination of services and may not fit neatly into a single category.

Services Offered by Commercial Banks

Commercial banks in Nepal offer a wide range of services to their customers. Some of the services offered by commercial banks in Nepal include:

1. Deposit accounts:

   Commercial banks in Nepal offer various types of deposit accounts, such as savings accounts, current accounts, fixed deposit accounts, and recurring deposit accounts. Customers can choose the type of account that suits their needs and earn interest on their deposits.

2. Loans and credit:

   Commercial bank provides loans and credit to their customers for various purposes such as home loans, personal loans, business loans, and education loans. They also offer credit cards and overdraft facilities to their customers.

3. Money transfers:

   Commercial banks in Nepal offer money transfer services such as wire transfers, electronic fund transfers, and remittances. Customers can transfer money within Nepal or internationally.

4. Foreign exchange services:

   Commercial banks in Nepal provide foreign exchange services such as currency exchange, travel cards, and foreign currency accounts. Customers can buy or sell foreign currency at the prevailing exchange rate.

5. Online banking:

   Commercial banks in Nepal provide online banking services to their customers, which allow them to access their accounts, transfer money, pay bills, and check account balances from anywhere.

6. Investment services:

   Commercial banks in Nepal provide investment services such as mutual funds, stock trading, and investment advice. Customers can invest in various financial instruments through the bank.

7. Insurance services:

   Some commercial banks in Nepal also offer insurance services such as life insurance, health insurance, and travel insurance.

These are some of the common services offered by commercial banks in Nepal. However, the services offered may vary from bank to bank.

Importance of Commercial Banks

Commercial banks play a vital role in the economy of a country. Commercial banks are important for a variety of reasons, including:

1. Mobilization of savings:

   Commercial banks mobilize savings from individuals and businesses by offering various types of deposit accounts. These savings are then used to provide loans to individuals and businesses for various purposes.

2. Credit creation:

   Commercial banks create credit by lending out a portion of the deposits they receive. This credit creation helps stimulate economic growth by providing funds to individuals and businesses to invest in various projects and expand their operations.

3. Facilitate trade and commerce:

   Commercial banks provide various services, such as money transfers, foreign exchange, and trade finance, which facilitate trade and commerce within and outside the country. This, in turn, promotes economic growth and development.

4. Provision of loans:

   Commercial banks provide loans to individuals and businesses for various purposes, such as home loans, personal loans, business loans, and education loans. This enables individuals and businesses to meet their financial needs and pursue their goals.

5. Employment generation:

   The provision of credit by commercial banks helps to create employment opportunities in various sectors of the economy. Businesses can expand their operations, leading to increased employment opportunities for people.

6. Payment and settlement system:

   Commercial banks provide payment and settlement services to individuals and businesses, which facilitate the smooth functioning of the economy. This enables businesses to carry out transactions seamlessly, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.

7. Facilitate government operations:

   Commercial banks facilitate the operations of the government by providing banking services such as managing government funds, providing loans, and managing foreign exchange reserves.

In summary, commercial banks are important institutions that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. They help mobilize savings, create credit, facilitate trade and commerce, provide loans, generate employment, provide payment and settlement services, and facilitate government operations.

Regulations Governing Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are heavily regulated by various regulatory bodies to ensure their safety and soundness and to protect the interests of depositors and the stability of the financial system. Some of the regulations governing commercial banks include:

1. Licensing:

   Commercial banks must obtain a license from the regulatory authority before they can start their operations. The regulatory authority sets certain standards and criteria that banks must meet before they are granted a license.  

2. Capital requirements:

   Commercial banks are required to maintain a certain level of capital to ensure that they have enough funds to absorb potential losses. The regulatory authority sets minimum capital requirements that banks must meet.

3. Reserve requirements:

   Commercial banks are required to maintain a certain percentage of their deposits as reserves with the central bank. This helps to ensure that banks have enough funds to meet the withdrawal demands of their customers.

4. Disclosure requirements:

   Commercial banks are required to disclose their financial information to the regulatory authority and the public. This includes information about their assets, liabilities, capital, and operations.

5. Supervision:

   Commercial banks are subject to ongoing supervision by the regulatory authority. This includes regular examinations of the bank's financial condition, risk management practices, and compliance with regulations.

6. Consumer protection:

   Commercial banks are required to comply with consumer protection laws and regulations. These laws and regulations aim to protect the interests of depositors and borrowers by ensuring fair and transparent banking practices.

7. Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing:

   Commercial banks are required to implement measures to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. This includes implementing customer due diligence measures, reporting suspicious transactions, and complying with sanctions regimes.

In summary, commercial banks are subject to various regulations and supervisory measures to ensure their safety and soundness and to protect the interests of depositors and the stability of the financial system. These regulations cover areas such as licensing, capital requirements, reserve requirements, disclosure requirements, supervision, consumer protection, anti-money laundering, and counter-terrorism financing.

Current Trends and Challenges facing Commercial Banks

1. Increasing competition:

   With the entry of new players in the market, commercial banks in Nepal are facing increasing competition. Non-banking financial institutions, payment service providers, and fintech companies are offering innovative services, which is putting pressure on traditional banks to adapt and innovate.

2. Digital transformation:

   The digital transformation of the banking industry is rapidly changing the way commercial banks operate. The adoption of digital technologies such as mobile banking, online banking, and digital payments is creating new opportunities and challenges for commercial banks in Nepal.

3. Risk management:

   Commercial banks in Nepal are facing increasing risks, including credit risk, market risk, and operational risk. Banks must have robust risk management systems in place to identify, measure, and manage these risks.

4. Capital requirements:

   Commercial banks in Nepal are subject to capital requirements set by the regulatory authority. Meeting these requirements can be challenging, especially for smaller banks, and can limit their ability to grow and expand their operations.

5. Compliance requirements:

   Commercial banks in Nepal are subject to various compliance requirements, including anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations. Compliance with these regulations can be time-consuming and costly.

6. Financial inclusion:

   Despite progress in recent years, a significant portion of the population in Nepal remains unbanked. Commercial banks face the challenge of expanding their reach and providing services to underserved communities.

7. Macroeconomic conditions:

   Commercial banks in Nepal are affected by the country's macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, exchange rates, and political stability. These factors can impact the profitability and stability of banks.

In summary, commercial banks in Nepal are facing a range of trends and challenges, including increasing competition, digital transformation, risk management, capital requirements, compliance requirements, financial inclusion, and macroeconomic conditions. Addressing these challenges will require banks to innovate, adapt, and implement effective risk management and compliance systems.

The concept of globalization can be traced back centuries, but the term itself was popularized in the 1990s. Nepal has pursued a globalization policy since joining the World Trade Organization in 2004. 

Some of the positive impacts of globalization in the context of Nepal are listed below;

1. Good relations with other countries: Globalization is very important to maintain good relationships with other countries around the world. When the countries enter into mutual trading, there will be an interaction between the people, which helps to maintain a good relationship with each other and exchange their ideas, cultures, knowledge, etc. with one another.
2. Expansion of market: Globalization helps expand the markets of small countries like Nepal. It integrates the country with the rest of the world. Goods efficiently produced can be sold worldwide in an extensive international market. This will result in large-scale production.
3. Technology transfer: Globalization has made it easier for Nepal to access new technologies and ideas from around the world. By adopting new technologies, Nepal can improve productivity, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness.
4. Voice against global issues: Globalization has helped to raise voices against global issues by increasing connectivity, raising global awareness, enabling the formation of transnational advocacy networks, and facilitating the work of international organizations.
5. Job opportunities: Globalization has increased job opportunities in capital-scarce, labor-rich, least-developed countries like Nepal and has contributed to the growth of the global economy.
6. Access to various goods and services: Globalization has increased access to various goods and services available at a lower price in the country. People don't have to rely on one product or service, as they find various alternatives.
7. Social-cultural transformation: Globalization has resulted in social and cultural transformation, as many countries have peacefully celebrated each other's cultures, religions, and traditions as a result of globalization. 
8. People's participation: Globalization has increased people's willingness to demonstrate and speak out against injustice, inequality, and corruption. It directly or indirectly impacts Nepal as well, as people here raise their voices against such activities to show participation.
9. Quality product: Globalization can help to create quality products by providing access to technology, increasing competition, developing global standards and regulations, facilitating collaboration and partnerships, and enabling manufacturers to receive feedback from customers around the world.
10. Collaboration and partnership: Globalization can facilitate collaboration and partnerships between manufacturers, suppliers, and customers from around the world. This can lead to the sharing of knowledge and expertise.

 Some of the negative impacts of globalization are listed below:

1. Erosion of national sovereignty and cultural homogenization: Globalization can lead to the erosion of national sovereignty and cultural homogenization by increasing economic interdependence, negotiating free trade agreements, creating powerful global corporations, spreading Western cultural values, and promoting standardization.
2. Income inequality: Globalization can create income inequality in Nepal by creating a skewed distribution of benefits, increasing competition, concentrating wealth, undermining labor standards, and creating unequal access to education and training.
3. Increased the gap between poor and rich countries: Globalization has increased the gap between poor and rich countries. As a result of multinational corporations' dominance, domestic businesses in least-developed countries such as Nepal have struggled to thrive.
4.   Brain drain Nepal has experienced a significant brain drain as skilled workers such as doctors and engineers relocate to other countries for better opportunities, resulting in a skilled labor shortage in the country.
5. Political Influence: It is one of the negative impacts of globalization in Nepal. The major world power tends to intervene in internal affairs and influence the leaders of the respective nations to work for them and for their self-interest, which is not always in the favor of the citizen of these countries.
6. Empowering multinational companies: It has another negative impact. For example, when multinational companies open up their businesses in the host country, they make sure to earn lots of profit, and after work is finished, profits usually go back to their home nations, leaving the host nations with nothing in their hands.
7. Job displacement: globalization can create job displacement in Nepal by increasing competition from imports, leading to the relocation of production, adopting automation and technology, shifting demand from traditional industries, and expanding the informal sector.

There will always be positive and negative aspects to everything, depending on what part of the world you are in. People who support globalization will emphasize its benefits, whereas those who oppose it will emphasize its drawbacks. Therefore, it is important for countries to carefully manage the process of globalization to ensure that its benefits are maximized and its negative impacts are minimized. This can be achieved through effective policies and regulations that promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and cultural exchange.

Here are some of the most famous street foods that everyone should try: 

• Momo:

Momo, which is known as dumplings and can be found in every street, restaurant, and hotel in Nepal, is filled with meat or vegetables and served with a spicy sauce called chutney. Momo can be consumed in different forms, including steamed, fried, in soup, and many more. Momo is one of the most popular dishes in Nepal because it is cheap, healthy, tasty, and available on almost every street corner in Kathmandu.

• Chatpate:

Chatpate is one of the most popular and desired street foods in Kathmandu and throughout Nepal. Children, teenagers, as well as adults, especially females of almost every age group, are obsessed with chatpate. It is a spicy and tangy snack made with puffed rice, boiled potatoes, chopped onions, tomatoes, and coriander leaves. It is then mixed with tamarind sauce, chili powder, and other spices to give it a unique and delicious flavor.

• Panipuri:

Panipuri is a popular street food snack that originated in India but has become popular in Nepal. It consists of small, crispy balls made from semolina or wheat flour that are filled with a mixture of spiced potatoes and chickpeas. The balls are then dipped in tangy, spicy water made from tamarind, cumin, chili powder, and other spices.

• Chatamari:

Chatamari is a light food made with rice flour and topped with minced meat, eggs, or vegetables. It is a type of Nepali pizza as well as a traditional Newari food that is typically consumed during festivals and other special occasions. It is a popular snack among locals and tourists alike, found on many streets in Kathmandu Valley.

• Sel Roti:

Sel Roti is a sweet street food in Kathmandu and other parts of Nepal that is a circular rice flour bread deep-fried in oil. The main ingredient is rice flour, which makes it crunchy and crispy on the outside and tender and soft on the inside. It is usually eaten during festivals or as a snack. It was mostly prepared in Dashain and Tihar before, but now it can be found everywhere and at any season.

• Samosa:

Samosa is a triangular-shaped snack filled with mashed potatoes, onions, peas, and spices and deep-fried until golden brown. They are typically served with a variety of dipping sauces. Samosas are popular all over the world, and they can be found in many different types of cuisine, including Indian, Nepali, Middle Eastern, and African. Samosas can be found on every street corner in Kathmandu. 

• Sekuwa:

Sekuwa is a popular Nepali street food that is often enjoyed in Kathmandu. It is a type of grilled meat that is marinated in a blend of spices and cooked over a charcoal fire. People can have chicken, mutton, pork, buff, etc. according to their tastes. It is a tasty and satisfying street food that is enjoyed by locals and tourists in the Kathmandu Valley.

• Chana Masala:

Chana masala is a popular vegetarian street food made with chickpeas cooked in a spicy tomato-based sauce and served with bread or rice. It is a popular food that is enjoyed for its rich and spicy flavor, vegetarian ingredients, and accessibility, and it is a staple of the Kathmandu street food scene.

• Chatt:

Chaat is a popular Indian snack that is found on the streets of Kathmandu. It is made with fried dough and topped with tomato, onion, yellow peas, curd, and coriander. To enhance the taste, spices like chili powder and cumin powder are also added. It is a popular vegetarian snack item and can be found in many street food stalls in the Kathmandu Valley.

• Chhole Bhature:

Chhole bhature is a popular North Indian street food that has become popular in Nepal, especially in the New Road area of Kathmandu. It is a combination of chhole (spiced chickpeas) and bhature (deep-fried bread). Chhole is made by cooking chickpeas with a blend of spices such as cumin, coriander, turmeric, and garam masala, whereas bhature is made by mixing flour, yogurt, and semolina with a leavening agent like yeast or baking powder. It is a spicy chickpea curry served with deep-fried bread called bhature.

• Chow mein:

Chow mein is a popular street food in Kathmandu that is enjoyed for its stir-fried noodles, vegetables (such as cabbage, carrots, and bell peppers), and sometimes meat, as well as its affordability. It is a filling and satisfying meal that is widely accessible throughout the city and is enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds.

• Thukpa:

Thukpa is a popular street food in Kathmandu that originated in Tibet and has become popular in many parts of Nepal. It can be found at street food vendors, small restaurants, and cafes throughout the city. Thukpa is enjoyed for its hearty noodles, fresh vegetables, and warming broth. It is a nutritious and satisfying meal that is widely accessible throughout the city and is enjoyed by people of every age.

• Laphing:

Laphing is a popular street food that originated in Tibet but has gained large popularity in Kathmandu, especially among the younger generation, due to its unique flavor, affordability, health benefits, socializing aspect, and vegetarian nature. It is a cold and spicy noodle dish made from mung bean starch and served with a variety of spicy sauces and toppings.

These are only a few of the numerous famous street ingredients that may be found in the Kathmandu Valley. The street food scene is constantly evolving, and new dishes are continually appearing, so there is usually something new to try. Street food is very popular in the Kathmandu Valley due to its affordability, variety, convenience, flavor, and socializing aspects. The craze for street food is likely to continue to grow as more people discover and fall in love with the vibrant and diverse street food scene in the valley.

The most visited and best places to visit in Chitwan are:

1. Chitwan National Park:

Chitwan National Park is the first national park ever established in Nepal. It is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Nepal. The park covers an area of 932 square kilometers and is situated in the subtropical Terai lowlands of Nepal. It is characterized by dense forests, grasslands, and rivers. Chitwan National Park is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including the one-horned rhinoceros, Bengal tigers, Asian elephants, and more than 500 species of birds. It is a critical habitat for many endangered species and is recognized as one of the most important reserves in Asia for the conservation of different animals.

Visitors coming into the national park can enjoy a variety of activities, including jungle safaris on elephants or in four-wheel drive vehicles, canoe rides on the Rapti River, bird watching, and guided walks through the park. It is the best place to visit for nature lovers.

2. Bishazari Tal:

In the Chitwan district, Bishazari Tal is a popular tourist destination. It is not only a single lake; it consists of a group of small lakes and ponds located in a forested area. The area around Bishazari Lake is also known as the Chitwan National Park Buffer Zone and is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Bird watching is a popular activity at Bishazari Lake because the lakes and surrounding forests are home to over 250 different species of birds, including several rare and endangered species. Visitors can enjoy hiking, fishing, and boating on the lakes. The chirping of birds and animal sounds made the jungle tour more interesting.

3. Jalbire Waterfall:

Another tourist destination in Chitwan is the Jalbire Waterfall, also known as Lamo Jharana, a beautiful waterfall situated in the Jalbire River, which originates in the Mahabharat Range and flows down to the Chitwan Valley. It is one of the longest waterfalls (approximately 60 meters high) in Nepal. The waterfall is popular with both locals and tourists who come to enjoy the natural beauty of the area. The waterfall is surrounded by lush green forests and hills, and visitors are advised to take appropriate safety precautions as the terrain around the waterfall can be steep and slippery.

4. Devghat:

Devghat is a popular religious and cultural site located in Chitwan. It is a holy place for both Hindus and Buddhists and is home to several temples, ashrams, and hermitages. Devghat is believed to be the place where gods Rama and Laxman came to pray and meditate during their exile and is also associated with the Hindu god Vishnu. It is also believed to be the place where the Pandavas from the Hindu epic Mahabharata visited during their exile.

Besides its religious significance, Devghat is also known for its natural beauty and is a popular destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. The site is situated at the confluence of two rivers and is surrounded by hills and forests.

5. Chitwan Tharu village:

Chitwan Tharu Village is the most visited tourist destination in Chitwan, where thousands of visitors come every year to learn about the unique culture and lifestyle of the Tharu people. The Tharu people are known for their colorful costumes and unique dances, and visitors to the village can enjoy a traditional Tharu cultural performance, which includes dance and music.

Since the village is located in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park, the Tharus have developed a unique relationship with their natural environment and have developed sustainable farming and fishing practices.

6. Sauraha Art village:

Sauraha Art Gallery is a popular art gallery located in the town of Sauraha that showcases the work of local and national artists and features a wide range of art forms, including paintings, sculptures, and handicrafts. It is a big collection of traditional and creative arts that represent a diverse range of styles and techniques.Especially for art lovers, it is the most visited place in the Chitwan district.

7. Elephant breeding center:

The elephant breeding center is another tourist attraction located in the Sauraha region, where it protects more than 20 elephants. The breeding center is home to several elephants. Visitors can get up close and personal with the elephants while learning about their behavior, biology, and conservation, as well as how they spend their days breastfeeding, eating, and sleeping. Visitors to the center can also enjoy elephant rides and take part in the care and feeding of the elephants.

8. Shiraichuli Hill:

Shiraichuli Hill is one of the highest peaks in Chitwan and offers stunning sunrise and sunset views at its top. Shiraichuli Hill is situated in the western part of Chitwan, near the border with the Tanahun district, and offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Hiking and trekking are popular on the hill, and breathtaking views of the Chitwan Valley and the Himalayan range, including Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, and Manaslu, can also be seen from Shiraichuli hill.

9. Sauraha Tharu Culture House:

Another popular destination in the Chitwan district is Sauraha Tharu Culture House, a museum and cultural center that preserves and promotes the traditional Tharu culture and way of life. The Sauraha Tharu Culture House is a great place to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the Tharu people and their culture. Visitors can watch traditional Tharu dance performances and participate in cultural workshops such as basket weaving, pottery making, and traditional cooking.

Overall, the Chitwan area is a must-visit location for tourists visiting Nepal since it offers a distinctive and varied range of activities, from animal safaris to cultural immersion.

While the meaning of "bank" varies from country to country, in Nepal, "bank" can be defined as a financial institution that deals with money and credit and provides financial services to its customers by depositing and lending money and credit. The bank is important in any economy because it provides a secure and safe place to keep the money as well as credit to those in need. 

Classification of Bank:

Banks can be classified into different categories based on various factors such as ownership, functions, and geographic scope:

1. Based on ownership:

• Public sector banks:

Banks that are owned and run by the government are referred to as "public-sector banks." In Nepal, several public-sector banks are regulated by the central bank of the country. Nepal Bank Limited, Rastriya Banijya Bank Limited, Agriculture Development Bank Limited, Nepal Investment Bank Limited, etc. are some of the private sector banks of Nepal.

• Public sector banks:

These are the banks that are operated and owned by private individuals or companies. These banks are also regulated by the central bank. Nabil Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited, Himalayan Bank Limited, and Everest Bank Limited are some of the private sector banks in Nepal.

• Cooperative banks:

These are banks that are owned and operated by their members, who are typically customers of the bank. These banks are regulated by the central bank of Nepal. Sunrise Bank Limited, Mahila Sahayatra Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Limited, and Tinau Bikas Bank Limited are some cooperative banks in Nepal.

2. Based on geographic scope:

• National banks:

These are banks that operate within a single country and are owned by the government. In Nepal, the national bank is the Nepal Rastra Bank.

• International banks:

These are banks that operate across multiple countries and have a global presence. Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank, Himalayan Bank Limited, and ICICI Bank Limited are some of the international banks in Nepal.

3. Based on functions:

• Commercial banks:

Commercial banks are the "A" class financial institutions in Nepal, which accept deposits from the public, make funds from those deposits, and provide loans to those in need with the main objective of earning profit. These banks are regulated by the central bank of Nepal. Nepal Bank Ltd., Rastriya Banijya Bank, and Nepal Investment Bank Limited are some of the commercial banks in Nepal.

• Investment banks:

These are the banks that provide investment banking services such as underwriting, advisory, and fund management to their clients. NIBL Ace Capital Limited, Sanima Capital Limited, and Civil Capital Market Limited are some of the investment banks in Nepal.

• Central banks:

These are the banks that are responsible for managing a country's monetary policy and regulating the banking industry.

Brief information about Central Bank:

The Central Bank is the largest financial institution in the entire banking system of our country. It is the regulatory and supervisory authority for the banking and financial sector in Nepal. The Nepal Rastra Bank is the only central bank in our country. The Nepal Rastra Bank was established in 1956 (13 BS) under the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 1955 (2012 BS).

As per the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2002, the objectives of NRB are:

• To develop and manage the necessary monetary and foreign exchange policies to maintain price stability and the balance of payments for economic stability and long-term economic growth. 
• To improve access to financial services and boost public trust in the banking and financial system by ensuring the sector's stability, 
• To develop a secure, healthy, and efficient system of payment.

Here are some of the functions that are carried out by the central bank:

1. Issue of banknotes and coins:

The central bank is the only financial institution that has monopoly power over note issues as it is authorized to issue currency and notes. The Nepal Rastra Bank began issuing notes in 1921 (2016 B.S.) and now also mints coins.

2. Formulate monetary policy and implement it:

With the objective of promoting price stability and sustainable economic growth, the central bank is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy in Nepal. It uses a range of tools, such as setting interest rates and reserve requirements, to influence the availability of credit and the money supply in the economy.

3. Formulate foreign exchange policy and maintain a foreign exchange reserve:

The central bank manages the country's foreign exchange reserves to manage international transactions, maintain market stability, and support the balance of payments. 

4. Act as a government bank and financial agent and advisor:

The central bank serves as the banker, agent, and advisor of the government. The government receives every necessary banking facility through the central bank. On behalf of the government, the central bank takes deposits of cash, checks, and drafts and also transfers funds between government accounts.

5. Act as a bank of banks:

The central bank provides banking services to financial institutions as well as controls and regulates a country's banking system. That is why it is referred to as the bank of all banks. Banking and financial institutions can be established only with the prior approval of the Nepal Rastra Bank.

6. Regulate, inspect, supervise, and monitor the banks and financial institutions of a country:

The NRB regulates, supervises, and monitors commercial banks, development banks, finance companies, and other financial institutions operating in Nepal. It sets efficient regulations and supervises compliance with these regulations to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system.

7. Functions as a lender as a last resort:

If commercial banks, development banks, and other financial institutions are unable to meet their financial requirements from other sources, they may turn to the central bank for financial help. The central bank provides them with financial help; that's why they are known as lenders of last resort.

8. Control credit:

Since uncontrolled credit causes an economic crisis in an economy, controlling credit is the most important function of the central bank. Inflation is caused by the overexpansion of credit, whereas deflation is caused by an expansion of credit. Therefore, the central bank controls credit by using instruments like the bank rate, cash reserves, and open market operations.

9. Develop secure, healthy, and efficient modes of payment:

The central bank is committed to promoting the development of secure, healthy, and efficient modes of payment in Nepal, to improve the country's financial system and support economic growth.

10. Carry clearing house function:

The Clearinghouse is a system that facilitates the transfer of funds between banks, allowing them to settle their payment obligations with one another. The clearinghouse receives payment instructions from each participating bank and matches the payment orders to ensure that the appropriate funds are transferred between banks. The clearinghouse then settles the net payment obligations between banks, with the NRB acting as the settlement agent.

1.       Yarsagumba (caterpillar fungus):

Yarsagumba commonly referred to as caterpillar fungus, is a costly and rare medicinal herb that is indigenous to Nepal's Himalayan area as well as Tibet and Bhutan. Yarsagumba is believed to provide a variety of health advantages, including enhancing vigor and vitality, boosting vigor and energy, strengthening the lungs and kidneys, halting hemorrhaging, and reducing phlegm. Yaesagymba can also help with allergy difficulties, cardiovascular disorders, sexual health, irregular heartbeats, and building a powerful immune system.

2.       Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera):

It is a well-known medicinal plant with native populations in India, Nepal, and other parts of South Asia. It has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine to improve general health and wellness. The root and berry are used to manufacture traditional medicines. Ashwagandha is said to have several health advantages and is used to treat a variety of illnesses, such as stress and anxiety, insomnia, exhaustion, skin ailments, even diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, and joint pain. It is also thought to strengthen physical endurance, enhance brain function, and raise immunity.

3.       Turmeric (Curcuma longa):

It is a well-known spice and healing herb that is native to South Asia and is made from the root of the Curcuma longa plant. Many medical diseases, such as arthritis, digestive issues, respiratory issues, and skin conditions, are all treated with turmeric. Turmeric is good for the brain and can help with arthritis. Moreover, it is thought to possess neuroprotective qualities and lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Turmeric is frequently used by people with osteoarthritis. In addition, hay fever, depression, excessive cholesterol, a specific form of liver disease, and itching are treated with it. Also thought to possess anti-cancer qualities, turmeric may aid in halting the development and spread of cancer cells.

4.       Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller):

Succulent plants like aloe vera are frequently utilized in traditional medicine and cosmetics. Vitamins, minerals, and other active substances found in aloe vera have several positive health advantages for individuals. A gel-like material found in its leaves, which has been found to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound-healing qualities, is also rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Aloe vera is also utilized in several cosmetic goods, such as moisturizers, shampoos, and sunscreens.

5.       Neem (Azadirachta indica):

Neem is an Indian subcontinent tree whose leaves, bark, seeds, and oil have been used in traditional medicine for generations. It includes substances with antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, such as azadirachtin, Nimbin, and nimbidin. Neem is often used for skin and hair care, but it can also be used as an insecticide and pesticide. Neem has a multipurpose use in Nepal, including shade, toothbrush sticks, medicinal herbs, storage pest repellents, fodder, firewood, timber, fruit, animal bedding materials, and so on.

6.       Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia):

The perennial climbing vine called Giloy, also known as Tinospora cordifolia (also called Gurjo in Nepali), is indigenous to India. Due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities, its stem and roots have been treated in Ayurvedic medicine. Giloy is used to enhance digestion, increase immunity, treat fever, lower anxiety, help with respiratory issues, treat diabetes, treat arthritis, and reduce the effects of aging. Moreover, it is thought to be anti-cancer.

7.       Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum):

Ocimum tenuiflorum is the scientific name for tulsi, also referred to as holy basil. It is commonly implemented in Ayurvedic medicine and has several positive health effects, including the ability to lower inflammation, boost the immune system, and lessen stress. It's frequently consumed as herbal tea. Even though tulsi is used to treat a variety of conditions, including diabetes, high cholesterol, anxiety, and stress, there is no good scientific evidence to support any of these uses.

8.       Ginger (Zingiber officinale):

Zingiber officinale is the scientific name for the flowering plant species known as ginger. It has a variety of medical benefits in addition to being a common spice in many cuisines. Ginger is used to treating nausea, vomiting, digestive problems, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer; reduce pain and inflammation; relieve menstrual cramps; and prevent diabetic nephropathy. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

9.       Garlic (Allium sativum):

Zingiber officinale is the scientific name for the species of flowering plant known as ginger. It has a variety of medical benefits in addition to being a common spice in many cuisines. Ginger is used to treating nausea, vomiting, digestive problems, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer, reduce pain and inflammation, relieve menstrual cramps, and prevent diabetic nephropathy. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

10.   Black pepper (Piper nigrum):

Black pepper is a plant species with the scientific name Piper nigrum. Black pepper is known as "the king of spices" and has been used in ancient Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. It is a commonly used spice in many cuisines and has various health benefits. Black pepper can be used for a variety of purposes, including weight loss, detoxification, cancer prevention, cleansing the intestines and stomach, aiding in the production of red blood cells, being high in vitamin B and calcium production, preventing constipation and preventing skin deformation and wrinkles. It consists of potassium, which helps regulate heart rate and high blood pressure.

11.   Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum):

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a spice obtained by extracting it from the bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots of the cinnamon tree. It is commonly used in both sweet and savory dishes. Cinnamon helps with blood sugar control, protects against heart disease, and reduces inflammation. Cinnamon has been used for its medicinal properties for centuries, and research suggests it may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.

    These herbs are used to treat a variety of illnesses, including digestive problems, respiratory issues, skin conditions, and inflammation because they are thought to have therapeutic characteristics. For their flavor and medicinal properties, several of these herbs are also utilized in traditional Nepalese cuisine. To ensure the safe and efficient use of these herbs, it's crucial to emphasize that their use should be under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

On the other hand, there have been tensions between the two countries over issues such as the management of their shared border, trade imbalances, and Nepali perceptions of Indian interference in its domestic politics and territorial issues.

India has provided significant assistance to Nepal in various fields, including:

1. Education:

   India has made a great contribution to generating human resources by providing different education facilities. India offers scholarships to Nepalese students to pursue higher education in various fields at Indian universities and institutions.

2. Economic Development:

   India has extended economic and financial assistance to Nepal, including providing grants and loans for development projects such as infrastructure development, health and education, and energy sector projects.

3. Trade and Commerce:

   India is one of Nepal's largest trading partners and provides market access to Nepali products. India has facilitated the development of cross-border trade and investment between the two countries.

4. Humanitarian Assistance:

   India has assisted in natural disasters and emergencies in Nepal. such as relief materials, medicines, and rescue teams.

5. Security Cooperation:

   India and Nepal cooperate closely on issues of security and border management, including anti-terrorism efforts and intelligence sharing.

6. Cultural Exchanges:

   India and Nepal have a rich cultural heritage, and India has supported cultural exchanges between the two countries to strengthen cultural ties.

India's assistance to Nepal has been focused on the education system, promoting economic development, stability, and security in the region, and enhancing the welfare of the people of Nepal.

India provides a helping hand to Nepal for several reasons, including:

1. Strategic Interests:

   India sees Nepal as an important partner in South Asia and recognizes its strategic importance in maintaining regional stability and security. India recognizes the role that Nepal can play in promoting regional integration and cooperation.

2. Economic Interests:

   India has a strong economic interest in Nepal, as it is one of India's largest trading partners and provides market access to Indian goods and services. India also recognizes the potential for further economic cooperation and investment in areas including hydropower, tourism, trade, and so on.

3. Cultural Ties:

   India and Nepal share a strong cultural heritage, and India recognizes the importance of preserving and promoting these cultural ties for the benefit of both countries

4. Humanitarian Concerns:

   India has been providing humanitarian assistance to its neighbors, including during natural disasters and emergencies, and it has extended this support to Nepal.

5. Regional Cooperation:

   India views its relationship with Nepal as part of its broader strategy for regional cooperation and integration in South Asia, and it recognizes the role that Nepal can play in promoting regional stability and security.

India's helping hand to Nepal reflects a combination of strategic, economic, cultural, and humanitarian interests, and recognition of the importance of a strong and stable partnership between the two countries.

Nepal and India have a close relationship, and Nepal has also provided various forms of assistance to India in several areas, including:

1. Security Cooperation:

   Nepal has cooperated with India in maintaining security and stability in the region, particularly in terms of managing the shared border and combating terrorism and organized crime.

2. Hydroelectric Power:

   To meet India's rising energy needs, Nepal and India have struck several agreements to develop hydroelectric projects. Nepal can generate a significant amount of hydroelectricity.

3. Water Resource Management:

   Nepal is an important source of water for India, and the two countries have been working together to manage their shared water resources effectively.

4. Tourism:

   The Nepali government has been making efforts to attract tourists from India and strengthen cultural and economic relations because Nepal is a popular tourist destination for Indians.

5. Labor Migration:

   Nepal is a source of labor migration to India, including in the construction and hospitality sectors, and has been working with India to ensure the rights and welfare of Nepali workers in India.

Nepal's assistance to India has been aimed at enhancing regional cooperation and promoting economic development, stability, and security in the region.

Nepal continues its friendship with India for several reasons:

1. Proximity and Interdependence:

   Nepal and India share a long and porous border, and the two countries are closely interdependent in terms of trade, investment, and people-to-people ties. This proximity and interdependence make it important for both countries to maintain good relations.

2. Cultural Ties:

   Nepal and India share a rich cultural heritage, and there are close cultural, religious, and linguistic ties between the two countries. This shared heritage helps to strengthen the friendship between the two countries.

3. Economic Benefits:

   India is one of Nepal's largest trading partners, and Nepali products have access to the large Indian market. India is also a major source of investment and development assistance for Nepal, and these economic ties help to sustain the friendship between the two countries.

4. Security Cooperation:

   Nepal and India cooperate closely on issues of security and border management, and both countries recognize the importance of maintaining stability and security in the region.

5. Regional Integration:

   Nepal recognizes the importance of regional cooperation and integration in South Asia, and it sees its friendship with India as an important part of this process.

Nepal's friendship with India reflects a combination of historical, cultural, economic, and security considerations, and recognition of the importance of a strong and stable partnership between the two countries.

Nepal can take several steps to maintain and strengthen its relationship with India in the future:

1. Promoting Trade and Investment:

   Nepal can work to enhance trade and investment ties with India, particularly in areas such as hydropower, tourism, and agriculture, which have the potential to create jobs and boost economic growth.

2. Strengthening Cultural Ties:

   Nepal can continue to promote cultural exchanges with India, including through programs like student exchanges and cultural festivals, to help preserve and strengthen the rich cultural heritage shared by the two countries.

3. Improving Border Management:

   Nepal and India can work together to improve border management, including through measures such as increased border infrastructure and enhanced cross-border trade and investment.

4. Enhancing Regional Cooperation:

   Nepal can play an active role in promoting regional cooperation and integration in South Asia, including through participation in regional organizations like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

5. Building Mutual Trust:

   Nepal can work to build mutual trust with India by addressing sensitive issues constructively and transparently and working together to find mutually acceptable solutions.

By taking these steps, Nepal can maintain and invigorate its relationship with India and enhance regional stability, security, and prosperity in South Asia. The relationship between Nepal and India is of great importance for both countries and the region as a whole. It is consequential for both sides to collaborate to address their differences and reinforce their ties for the benefit of the people of both countries.

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Pokhara is also rich in cultural heritage, with several temples and monasteries that showcase the religious and cultural heritage of the region. Some examples of religious and cultural heritage include: 

1. Bindhyabasini Temple:

Bindhyabasini Temple, a historical and religious monument in Pokhara Valley, is located on a hillock between Bagar. Goddess Bindhyabasini, a Bhagawati who is believed to be Goddess Kali's incarnation, is worshipped here. Saraswati Mandir, Hanuman Mandir, Shiva Mandir, Vishnu Mandir, and Ganesha Mandir are the other temples inside the Bindhyabasini Temple compound.

2. Peace pagoda:

Pokhara is famous for the World Peace Stupa, which is a popular destination for both pilgrims and tourists. The Pokhara Peace Pagoda is a large white dome-shaped structure surrounded by prayer flags and beautifully landscaped gardens. Visitors are welcome to come and meditate or simply enjoy the peaceful atmosphere. The Peace Pagoda is also a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world who come to admire the views, learn about Buddhism, and experience the peaceful environment.

3. Barahi Temple:

Barahi Temple is the Hindu goddess temple built as a symbol of the manifestation of Ajima, representing the female force, and is also known as "Lake Temple" or "Tal Barahi Temple." It is located in the middle of Phewa Lake and has become the most important religious monument in Pokhara Valley. The temple is a popular tourist destination, attracting both local and international visitors.

Why Pokhara is dubbed "the city of ten lakes"? 

Pokhara is known as the "City of Lakes" because it is located near several large and picturesque lakes, including:

1. Phewa:

Phewa Lake is the second-largest lake in Nepal and is located at an altitude of 742 m (2,434 ft). The surface of Phewa Lake is famous for reflecting Mount Machhapuchhre and other mountain peaks. It is also famous for its stunning beauty and scenic views. Pokhara is a popular destination for trekkers and adventure seekers, and Phewa Lake is a great starting point for exploring the surrounding hills and mountains. Phewa Lake is a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to Nepal.

2. Begnas:

Begnas Lake is the second-largest lake in Nepal, located in the Kaski district at an altitude of approximately 643 meters above sea level. A beautiful shadow of the Annapurna and Manaslu mountains can be seen from Begnas Lake. With its stunning natural beauty and tranquil atmosphere, Begnas Lake is a must-visit destination for both internal and external tourists to the Pokhara Valley.

3. Rupa:

It is the third-largest lake in Pokhara Valley, with an altitude of 600 m. It is surrounded by lush green forests and hills, making it a popular spot for nature lovers, bird watchers, and outdoor enthusiasts. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Pokhara, offering boating, fishing, swimming, and picnicking activities for visitors to enjoy the breathtaking scenery. 

Other Lakes include:

• Khaste
• Dipang
• Maidi
• Gude
• Niureni
• Kashyap
• Kamal

These lakes provide a breathtaking backdrop for the city and offer a variety of recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming. In addition, the lakes also help to create a cool and relaxing atmosphere in the city, making it a popular tourist destination for those looking to escape the heat and enjoy the natural beauty of the region. With its stunning mountain views, tranquil lakes, and relaxed atmosphere.

Why Pokhara is also known as the "City of Caves"

Pokhara is also known as the "City of Caves" due to the presence of several significant cave systems in the surrounding hills and mountains that are of significant cultural and religious importance and are considered sacred by many residents. 

1. Mahendra Cave:

One of the most famous caves in Pokhara is the Mahendra Gufa, a large limestone cave that was discovered in the 1950s. This cave is located near Pokhara and is one of the largest caves in South Asia. It was originally called "Aadhero Bhawan," which translates to "Dark Habitat," and was later renamed "Mahendra Cave" after Nepalese King Mahendra. It is a significant site for Hindu pilgrims, who visit the cave to pay homage to Lord Shiva, which can attract both tourists and pilgrims.

2. Gupteshwor Mahadev cave:

Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave is the most famous cave in Nepal, said to have been discovered in the 16^th century. Visitors to Gupteshwor Cave can also enjoy the nearby scenic waterfall and the lush vegetation that surrounds the area. It is an important natural and cultural site in Nepal that attracts both tourists and pilgrims.

3. Bat cave (chamero gufa):

Bat Cave, also known as "Chamero Gufa" in Nepali, is one of Pokhara's most famous caves. It is the bats' home on the cave's ceiling and walls. The "small world of bats" is thought to be an exciting and frightening place full of bats. Bat Cave is a unique and fascinating destination in Pokhara Valley, offering visitors the opportunity to see bats in their natural habitat and enjoy the beauty of the region.

The caves of Pokhara offer a unique and fascinating glimpse into the geology and history of the region and are a popular destination for tourists and adventure-seekers.

Overall, Pokhara is a city that offers a unique blend of natural beauty, adventure, and culture. It is a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to Nepal and is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

The Oxford Dictionary defines hospitality as "the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers with liberty and goodwill." In Nepali culture, guests are treated like God, as expressed in the Sanskrit slogan "Atithi Devo Bhava." The hospitality sector currently occupies approximately 9.6% of the global sector, and the UNWTO intends to increase the sector's economic portion from tourism and hospitality to 10%.

Hotel management in Nepal is a growing field due to the increase in tourism in the country. Managers in Nepal face unique challenges such as language barriers and cultural differences, as well as the impact of political instability. However, there are also many opportunities for hotel management professionals in Nepal, as the government is investing in the tourism industry and new hotels are being developed. The hotel management field in Nepal includes various aspects such as front office management, housekeeping, food, and beverage service, kitchen management, and more. There are different types of hotels in Nepal, such as luxury, budget, and boutique hotels, and job opportunities in each. The future of hotel management in Nepal looks promising with an increasing number of tourists visiting the country.

The tourism industry in Nepal is currently in a state of growth. The number of tourists visiting Nepal has been increasing in recent years, with a steady rise in both domestic and international visitors. According to the Nepal Tourism Board, the country welcomed 1.4 million foreign tourists in 2020, and the number of visitors is expected to increase in the coming years.

The Nepalese government has been promoting tourism as a major economic driver and has implemented various initiatives to attract tourists to the country. These include the development of new infrastructure, such as airports and roads, as well as the promotion of adventure tourism, eco-tourism, and cultural tourism. The government has also been focusing on diversifying the tourism product in Nepal to attract a wider range of tourists.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the tourism industry in Nepal, as travel restrictions and border closures have limited the number of tourists visiting the country. However, the country has started to gradually open up for tourism, and the industry is slowly recovering. The tourism industry in Nepal is a significant contributor to the country's economy, providing employment opportunities and income for local communities. The industry is expected to continue to grow in the future, providing opportunities for the hotel management sector as well.

The growth potential for the hotel sector in Nepal is positive due to the increasing number of tourists visiting the country. The Nepalese government is investing in the tourism industry and promoting the country as a tourist destination, which is expected to drive the growth of the hotel sector. The development of new hotels and resorts to meet the demand is also expected to contribute to the growth of the hotel sector. Additionally, the diversification of the tourism product in Nepal is also expected to attract a wider range of tourists, which would lead to more demand for hotel accommodation.

In Nepal, various areas of hotel management are in demand; some of them are:

1. Front Office Management:

   This includes managing the reception, reservations, and guest services. As the front office is the first point of contact for guests, managers in this area must have strong customer service skills and can provide a welcoming and efficient experience for guests. The front office is responsible for guest satisfaction and coordinates with other departments of the hotel for smooth functioning.

2. Food and Beverage Service:

   This includes managing the restaurant, bar, and room service operations. It includes menu planning, kitchen management, and staff training. This department plays a vital role in delivering accurate food and beverage service by placing orders from hot or cold plates in the kitchen to the guest table in a proper hospitality manner. Managers in this area should have a strong understanding of food and beverage trends as well as experience managing a busy restaurant or bar.

3. Housekeeping:

   This includes managing the cleaning, laundry, and maintenance of the hotel's guest rooms and public areas. Housekeeping closely coordinates with the front office and the maintenance department of the hotel for the cleaning and sale of guestrooms, as well as all kinds of repair and maintenance work. Managers in this area should have experience managing a team of housekeeping staff and be familiar with the latest cleaning techniques and technologies.

4. Sales and Marketing:

   This includes promoting the hotel and its services to potential guests as well as developing and implementing marketing strategies to increase occupancy and revenue. They are responsible for implementing marketing strategies as well as building relationships with travel agencies and tour operators. Managers in this area should have a strong understanding of the tourism industry, as well as experience in sales and marketing.

5. Human Resource Management:

   This includes recruiting, training, and managing hotel staff. This department also has an agreement with the employee in terms of salary, wages, bonuses, and leave, as well as the rules and regulations of the hotel. Managers in this area should have experience managing a diverse team of employees and be familiar with labor laws and regulations. 

6. Financial Management:

   This includes managing the hotel's budget, financial reporting, and accounting. Managers in this area should have experience in financial management and be familiar with accounting and budgeting. Maintenance and Engineering: This includes managing the maintenance and upkeep of the hotel's facilities and equipment. Managers in this area should have experience maintaining and repairing hotel equipment and facilities and be familiar with health and safety regulations. 

7. Event management:

   event management has cropped up as one of the most profitable and best career opportunities and is also catching on as a bright career option. It is all about maintaining a focused and professional event for a certain target audience. It includes planning and coordinating events such as conferences, conventions, colloquia, workshops, seminars, symposiums, and so on.

Overall, hotel management professionals need to have a broad understanding of the various areas of hotel management and be able to adapt to the unique challenges and opportunities of the Nepalese market.

The Nepalese government has been investing in the tourism industry as a major economic driver. The government has implemented various initiatives to attract tourists to the country, such as the development of new infrastructure such as airports and roads, as well as the promotion of adventure tourism, eco-tourism, and cultural tourism. The government has also been investing in promoting Nepal as a tourist destination internationally. The Nepal Tourism Board, the government body responsible for promoting tourism in Nepal, has been participating in various international travel fairs and exhibitions to attract more tourists to the country. The government has also been providing financial and non-financial incentives to encourage private-sector investment in the tourism industry. For example, the government has been offering tax exemptions, subsidies, and soft loans to the hotel and tourism industries. Additionally, the government has been focusing on improving the overall tourism experience by improving the quality of services and infrastructure, such as by developing new trekking routes, promoting local festivals and culture, and promoting responsible tourism. The government has also been implementing policies to ensure the sustainable development of tourism in the country, such as promoting eco-tourism, preserving cultural heritage and biodiversity, and protecting the rights of local communities.

One of the key factors that set Big Mart Franchises apart from other supermarkets in Nepal is its focus on offering high-quality products at affordable prices. The company sources its products from both local and international suppliers, ensuring that customers have access to a wide variety of goods. In addition, Big Mart franchises place a strong emphasis on providing excellent customer service, with friendly and knowledgeable staff always on hand to assist shoppers.

One of the hallmarks of the Big Mart franchise is its extensive selection of fresh fruits and vegetables. The company works closely with local farmers to ensure that customers have access to the freshest produce possible. In addition, Big Mart Frenchies offers a wide range of meat and seafood products, as well as a variety of dairy products and baked goods. The store also carries a wide selection of household items, including cleaning supplies, personal care products, and electronics.

The Big Mart franchise also has a strong commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. The company works to minimize its environmental impact by implementing energy-efficient practices and reducing waste. Additionally, the Big Mart franchise is involved in several social initiatives, such as supporting local schools and community organizations.

The company is also known for its loyalty program, where customers can earn points for every purchase they make. These points can then be used to redeem rewards such as discounts and free products. This program helps to create a sense of community among shoppers as well as encourage repeat business.

Why do people love Big Mart?

·         100 % quality product

·         Organic foods are available

·         Easy online payment facility

·         People can get all branded products under one roof.

·         Ease of browsing

About Big Mart App:

As the Big Mart retail chain burgeoned and developed, they wanted a better means of communication with their customers. Big Mart approached their customer with the idea of a mobile app to help them bridge the communication gap. The app allows their customers to browse products, find stores, track their purchase details and bill, look for validations and deals, and also allows druggies to do a store pick-up of their order, reducing the shopping and checkout times vastly.

Overall, Big Mart Franchises is a highly respected and well-liked supermarket chain in Nepal, known for its wide range of products, competitive pricing, and commitment to customer service and sustainability. The company's focus on providing high-quality goods and supporting the local community has helped it become one of the most successful retailers in the country.

Here are some of the best business ideas to start in Nepal:

1. Online business

The internet and related technologies have made doing business online more effective and easy. These businesses only offer introductory computer systems and software. Nonetheless, they are entrepreneurs who are ostensibly good at ghost-writing, freelancing, and restatement services, all possible businesses online.

2. Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is Nepal's most popular business, bringing many opportunities. Digital marketing in Nepal can be learned on your own or through a training center. However, it is tough to find a digital marketing program in Nepal.

3. Blogs

Nowadays, blogging has become a profitable business opportunity, even though it was originally intended for informational and recreational purposes. Blogging can lead to significant earnings over the course of time.

4. Travel Agency

Since many people from different countries come to Nepal to visit, having a travel agency can be beneficial for both profit-making and helping tourists. A travel agency can be managed by obtaining a few certifications and a beautiful office in a prime location.

5. Drop shopping

Drop shopping is an exciting and innovative e-commerce business idea that can be started without a large investment or product inventory. Facebook, Instagram, and other social media can help promote the website. In this case, people place an order with the supplier and ask for delivery to their address.

There are many more opportunities to start a business in Nepal, but they come with some challenges. Here we are going to discuss some of the challenges:

The first challenge for any entrepreneur in Nepal understands the country’s policies and regulations. From taxes and labor laws to intellectual property laws, several laws and regulations must be adhered to, and understanding them is essential for success. This challenge can be overcome by researching the laws, obtaining legal advice, and networking with other entrepreneurs.

Next, entrepreneurs in Nepal must also understand the infrastructure and resources available to them. Access to finance, internet connections, and skilled labor can all be difficult to come by, and entrepreneurs must be creative and resourceful to find the best solutions. This can be achieved through research, networking, and exploring alternate solutions.

Another challenge is high incorporation fees. According to the World Bank, these fees account for more than 10 percent of Nepal's per-capital income. According to the World Bank, the total cost of company registration is NPR, 780. The data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) shows that gross domestic savings (GDS) per capita in Nepal are about NPR 15510. These numbers show that an entrepreneur has to save for 14 months just to register a new company.

The entrepreneurs aren't suitable to prepare memoranda and articles of association (MOA and AOA) without professional help. Indeed, though the formats of the MOA and AOA are available and handed out by the government, entrepreneurs cannot use them themselves without any professional help from attorneys. Entrepreneurs find it difficult to avoid mistakes while preparing these documents themselves. It costs NPR 10,000 and takes 5 days to process these documents, which is a significant amount of time and money. Hence the preparation of memoranda and articles of association has also become a challenge for Nepalese businesses.

Nepal's market is small and limited. There is no access to all parts of the country. Because a small volume of goods is being produced for a small market, the product cost rises, causing the price of the goods to rise as well. Nepalese industries can't compete with Chinese and Indian goods because they enter Nepal at a lower price. This has also shrunk the market for Nepalese industries. The small market is also challenging for Nepalese businesses.

Finally, entrepreneurs must also be aware of the cultural context in which they are operating. Nepal is a deeply traditional country, and it is important to understand the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the people to create products and services that will resonate with them. This can be done through research, market analysis, and by engaging with local communities.

Overall, entrepreneurship in Nepal is a challenging but rewarding endeavor. By understanding the policies, resources, and cultural context, entrepreneurs can increase their chances of success and make their dreams a reality.

Tourism has become one of the main income sources in Nepal. Foreign currency is the most valuable thing that can be obtained from the tourism industry. The tourists who come to our country exchange foreign currency. According to the economic survey for 2020/21, the foreign exchange earnings of this sector were Rs. 24,95,59,00,000 in 2020. Foreign currency is useful to us for the purchase of foreign goods. Tourists buy some goods and interesting and native articles in our country, which can help producers earn money. Another sector where tourism is beneficial is the hotel industry. Most tourists prefer to stay in well-appointed, luxury hotels with excellent service. Some good, five-star hotels have been built in Kathmandu to accommodate foreign tourists.

The exchange of culture, norms and values between different societies is only possible through tourism. We can see many people in the Kathmandu valley and other parts of the country speaking a little bit of English, though they are illiterate and uneducated and are guiding foreign visitors. Those who interact with tourists lose their prejudices and develop a more open mind. They become cosmopolitan in their manners and can easily mix with the people of other countries. People's attitudes and lifestyles can have an impact on tourism. As there is a lot of superstition in Nepali society, tourism helps to bring about changes in superstitions and traditional thinking.

As we all know, Nepal is the world's smallest country, which makes it difficult to locate on a map. Tourists help acquaint their countrymen with our country. If we treat our tourists well and provide them with the best facilities and services, they'll talk about it when they return to their country. Tourism also helps to popularize Nepalese art, skills, cultural beauty, and the hospitality of Nepalese people around the world. That's how tourism helps to publicize our country in different parts of the world. What we can't tell about our country spending a lot of money on publicity, we can do with the help of tourists. That's why the tourism industry is very beneficial for Nepal.

Even though most tourists come from modern cultures and societies, they prefer handcrafted goods over machine-made goods. That's why the tourism industry plays a vital role in the development of handicraft industries. Different types of handicrafts, such as idols, Nepali caps, woolen carpets, and paper products representing Nepalese art and culture, are motivated to be produced in different parts of the country.

Tourists love to visit rural areas rather than cities because most of the tourist destinations are located in remote areas. As the tourists enjoy the sylvan beauty, sightseeing, and trekking in the rural areas, the government is forced to develop transportation and communication facilities. Without proper transportation facilities, tourists are unable to reach their destinations. Hence, expansion and development of the tourism industry develop rural infrastructure like roads, electricity, communication, and so on.

As the tourism industry needs different types of highly skilled manpower to provide different services to tourists, it generates employment opportunities. As tourism industries expand, there is a need to produce a large number of human resources. That's how tourism helps to generate employment, both directly and indirectly, for people in different tourism-related activities such as hotels, travel agencies, mountaineering businesses, rafting, etc.

The Nepal government had announced "Visit Nepal 2020" to promote the country's tourism industry, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was postponed. Due to COVID, the number of tourist arrivals in 2020 (excluding Indian tourists) was 2,30,085—an 81% decrease from 2019. In 2021, the number of foreign tourist arrivals further dropped by 34.4 percent to slightly over 150,000 as compared to 2020. According to the tourism board, a total of 5,46,216 tourists have visited Nepal in the recent eleven months (January–November) of 2022.

Tourists from every part of the world are free to visit Nepal. We should attract more and more tourists so that the economy of our country will rise. The government should develop transportation and communication facilities as well as tourism infrastructure such as hotels, travel agencies, trekking agents, and so on. The government should provide security measures in tourist destination areas so that tourists can feel free to stay where they are. The provision of adequate trained manpower is essential for the development of tourism in Nepal. The provision of adequate recreational arrangements should be made in each tourist destination area.

In recent years, there has been exponential growth in the number of travel agencies, tour guides, tour operators, rafting agencies, trekking agencies, and so on. Up to mid-March 2021, the number of registered travel agencies reached 3743, and trekking agencies had 2797. There were 142 star-rated hotels and 1293 tourist-rated hotels until mid-March 2021. 

Major commodities that are being imported to Nepal:

In this article, we are going to discuss some of the private companies that are continuously providing Nepal with basic needs, goods, and services. A private company is owned and run by an individual, a group, a non-governmental organization, or a large group of people. Profit motives and profit maximization drive private companies. In private companies, public shares are not opened as the company does not offer its stocks for sale to the general public. Either an individual starts with a small start-up or investment or by taking out a loan. The government does not interfere with private companies. The companies follow basic government rules and regulations and pay taxes annually as per the structure.

Here in this article, we are going to discuss the best top 5 private companies in Nepal:

1.       Chaudhary Group (CG):

The well-known Chaudhary Group is one of Nepal's most prominent business corporations. The beginnings of CG were made by Mr. Bhurmulla Chaudhary in 1934 after an earthquake hit Nepal. After the death of Bhurmulla Chaudhary, his business was handled by his son, Lankaran Das Chaudhary. He expanded his father's business, and the expansion of CG also began. Binod Chaudhary is the current chairman and majority shareholder of the Chaudhary Group. Today, Chaudhary Group is mostly famous for the "Wai Wai" noodle, which is also exported to many countries. https://nepaldatabase.com/chaudhary-groupcg-of-nepal

Divisions of the Chaudhary Group:

    ·         CG|Foods

    ·         CG|Finco

    ·         CG|Hotels & Resorts

    ·         CG|Education

    ·         CG|Electronics

    ·         CG|Infra

    ·         CG|Realty

    ·         CG|Telecom

    ·         CG|Brewery

    ·         CG|Beverage

    ·         CG|Tobacco

    ·         CG|Packaging

    ·         Chaudhry Foundation

2.       Khetan Group:

Purna Mal Bihari Lal Khetan founded the organization. Kheten Group is a prominent business in Nepal. The father of Purnam Mal used to supply rice and salt to the Nepali soldier during the war between Nepal and Tibet (1855–56); that’s how the groundwork of the company begins. Then the company started to import garment products in 1910. Since then, Khetan Group has been involved in various ventures and services, striving confidently for consistent and stable growth. At present, Rajendra Kheten leads the company and acts as chairman for Laxmi Bank and Prime Life Insurance and as president for the Nepal-Britain Chamber of Commerce and Industries and Everest Insurance.

Companies managed by Khetan Group:

·         Gorkha Brewery Pvt. Ltd.

·         Himalayan Snacks and Noodles

·         Bottlers Nepal

·         Laxmi Bank

·         Himalayan Bank

·         Laxmi Microfinance

·         Everest Insurance Company

·         Prime Life Insurance

·         Mutual Trading Company

·         Himalayan Agriculture Pvt. Ltd.

·         Laxmi Corp

3.       Vaidya's organization of industries and trading houses (VOITH):

The founder of VOITH is Vijaya Gajananda Vaidya, who invested 700 USD in the establishment of the United Traders Syndicate (UTS), which became the sole distributor of Toyota Motors in Nepal. Back then, Agni, the subsidiary company of Vaidya’s organizations, was the authorized distributor of Mahindra vehicles in Nepal. The company, which was established in 1967, is handled by Mr. Suraj Vaidya. Mr. Suraj is the president of the VOITH as well as the president of the Federation of the Nepal Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FNCCI). Besides automobiles, the company has expanded into agro-processing, tea, construction, feed production, insurance, animal husbandry, and technical education.

Companies managed by VOITH:

·         United Traders Syndicate (UTS) Pvt Ltd.

·         Subirasa Incorporated Pvt Ltd.

·         Suzuki Incorporated Pvt Ltd.

·         Vijaya Motors Pvt Ltd. and

·         Agni Incorporated Pvt Ltd.

·         Garance Tea Estate Pvt Ltd.

·         Mai-Ilam Guranse Tea Industries Pvt Ltd. and

·         Nirvana Tea Processing and Packaging Pvt Ltd.

·         Agri Breeders Pvt Ltd. 

·         Nepal Well hope Agri-Tech Pvt Ltd.

·         Nepal Singha Construction Pvt Ltd.

·         Neko Alliance

·         Tawache Brick and Tile Industry

·         Vijaya Academy of Health and Science for education.

4.       Dugar Group:

Mr. Chandan Mal Dugar founded the Dugar Group when he began trading fabrics at a Biratnagar haat bazaar. Then after him, his son expanded his business by expanding it with agricultural products. The four sons of Mr. Chandan took the business to another level by expanding it with jute exports, rice mills, steel, and many more. Dugar business is divided into four groups, each handled by one of the Dugar brothers: TM Dugar, HC Dugar, KL Dugar, and MV Dugar Group. The distributor of automobiles like Mahindra, Piaggio, Royal Enfield, and John Deere is also Dugar Group. Dugar Group also expanded its branches in the hydropower, construction, and finance sectors. It supplies Frooty, Appy, food grains, edible oil, and herbal extractions to Nepal's food and beverage sector. Nepali brands like Dhara Oil, Meizan Swastik Oil, and Gyan Rice are produced by the KL Dugar Group. The name KL Dugar Group has become one of the most trusted and respected brands in Nepali households because of consumers’ faith in their quality products for two decades.

5.       Golchha Group:

Golchha was founded in 1934 by Ram Lal Ji Golchha and has become one of the biggest business houses in Nepal. Mr. Ram Lal ji established the Golchha Group, which paved the way for the country's industrialization. At present, the Golchha family governs more than 100 companies. Golchha Group has played a vital role in adding value to the economy of Nepal. The Golchha group is involved in numerous companies in terms of management and investment, including Jute, Steel, Electronics, Metal, Food Grains, and so on. Besides industrial establishments, the organization is involved in international trade and the service sector.

List of companies managed by Golchha Organization:

·         Hulas Steel and Wire Industries

·         Hulas Metal Crafts

·         Him Electronics

·         Bhudeo Food and Snacks Industries

·         Hidesh Daal Udhyog

·         Dhiraj Chamal Udhyog

·         Sriram Sugar

·         Eastern Sugar

·         Raghupati Jute Mill

·         Hansraj Hulaschand and Co

·         GO Automobiles 

·         Hulas Motors

·         Hulas Investment 

·         Hester Bio-Sciences

·         Neoteric Nepal

·         Shangrila Spirits 

·         Shangrila Housing

Other private and government companies are playing an important role in the sector of industrialization. If we ask most teenage people what they want to be when they grow up, most of them will reply "businessman," so this is just the beginning of the industrial era of Nepal. As many young people are starting to blossom, they will probably introduce Nepal to the world as an industrial country and not just an agricultural one.

The stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of shares that represent ownership in businesses. These include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as stock that is only traded privately. Similarly, shares of private companies are sold to investors or the public through equity funding platforms, which are either issued or traded. A stock market is similar to a share market. The key difference is that a stock market helps you trade financial instruments like bonds, mutual funds, and derivatives as well as shares of companies. A stock exchange, on the other hand, only allows for the trading of shares. Investments are usually made with an investment strategy in mind, where people study the stock market and invest their money wisely.

The stock exchange's basic platform provides the facilities used to trade company stocks and other securities. A stock may be bought or sold only if it is listed on an exchange. Thus, it is the meeting place for stock buyers and sellers.

Types of share market

There are two types of share markets as follows:

1. Primary market:

This is a market where a company gets registered to issue a certain amount of shares and raise money from the public for any purpose or project. This is also called getting listed on a stock exchange. A company enters primary markets to raise capital. If the company sells shares for the first time, it is called a "primary share," where the investor owns a certain amount of partnership or shares of that company or organization.

2. Secondary Market:

When the new shares and securities of a company are sold to investors or the public, these shares are traded in the secondary market. This is an opportunity for investors to exit an investment and sell their shares to another investor, Secondary market transactions refer to trades where one investor buys shares from another investor at the current market price or at whatever price the two parties agree. Normally, investors conduct such transactions using a third party (intermediary) such as a broker, who carries out the process. Different brokers offer different plans as per their knowledge and understanding.

Why to invest in share market?

We invest in the stock market to increase our wealth or to improve our economic situation over time. While some people believe that shares are a risky investment, many studies have proven that putting your money in the right shares for a long period of time (five to ten years) can provide a better return or profit and also be a better investment option than real estate or gold. People also have short-term strategies while investing in share markets. While shares can be volatile over a short period of time, investing in the right ones can help traders make quick profits.

How to invest in a share market?

First, you need to open a trading account and a Demat account in any bank to invest in the stock market. This trading and demat account will be linked to your savings account to make smooth transfers of money and shares. We can see the condition of the stock market and options for applying for shares through the app "MERO SHARE" and the official website (NEPSE). Then, after viewing different projects, we can identify the best option to invest in and apply for an IPO.

Things to know before buying a stock:

1.       Time horizon:

When you're going to buy a share, first you have to know about the time horizon, as it plays a vital role in deciding whether to buy that stock or not. The time horizon can be short-term, middle-term, or long-term; it depends on your financial goals.

2.       Investing Strategy:

Studying various investing strategies before buying shares is another key thing to do. After you study, you can choose the one that suits your investing style. Value investing, growth investing, and income investing are the key types of strategies used by successful investors.

3.       Past performance of the company:

If you're going to invest money in any company, it is essential to know how the company performed during the past few years. What was the company's position during the economic crisis? The income statement and cash flow statement with profit should be analyzed carefully.

4.       Fraud and scam cases:

It is very important to study whether the company in which you're going to invest has ever been fined or punished by the judiciary or a regulatory body. Has the company ever been the subject of major rumors? Those little things make a significant impact on your investment.

5.       Revenue growth:

As everyone invests their money in the stock market to earn more, before buying a stock, investors should look at companies that are growing.

Function and purpose

The stock market is one of the most important ways for companies to raise money, along with the debt markets. This allows businesses to be publicly traded and raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership in the company in a public market. Liquidity allows investors and holders to quickly and easily sell shares and securities. This is the best feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as property and other fixed assets.

The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) is the only stock exchange in Nepal. The market capitalization of the NEPSE companies in May 2022 was approximately Rs 344,357 crore (US$ 26 billion). 

Ownership:

Nepal Government (58.66%)

Nepal Rastra Bank (14.60%)

Employees Provident Fund (10%)

Other shareholders (16.74%)

The objective of NEPSE:

 The basic objective of NEPSE is to provide free marketability and liquidity to government and corporate securities by facilitating transactions on its trading platform through market intermediaries such as brokers, market makers, etc. NEPSE opened its trading platform on January 13, 1994. As of November 2022, 190 companies are listed on the stock exchange, which includes commercial banks, hydro-power companies, insurance companies, finance companies, and many more. The exchange has had 97 registered brokers before.

Nepal's stock market is the best and most active platform for opportunities for young investors and others. This is an easy and appropriate way of trading where people can learn much more about the stock market and trade digitally without spending specific time on it. People can carry their own personal and other work through it and invest wisely in the stock market for better profit. It has been more popular among youth as it is a great opportunity to invest and learn more from an early age and also gain some earnings through it.

Political parties involve:

1.       Legislature structure:

The legislature is the lawmaking branch of government and is responsible for making proper laws and regulations within the country. The legislators are elected by the people.

There are two levels of legislature

         i.     House of Representatives

          The house of representatives is one of the houses of the federal parliament of Nepal. Members of the House of Representatives are elected through a voting system for a term of five years. The number of members in the House of Representatives is 275. Where 165 are elected through the first-past-the-post system and the rest, 110, are by proportional representation. The election for members of the House of Representatives is currently taking place in 2022.

         ii.       National Assembly

           The National Assembly is Nepal's upper house of the federal parliament. The national assembly has 59 members in total. Whereas 56 members are elected through an indirect single transferable vote, and the remaining three are appointed by the president.

2.       Judiciary

It is the branch of government that provides justice to the people and makes the right decisions. The Constitution provides three levels of courts, which include the Supreme Court, the High Court, and the District Courts.

   i.    Supreme court:

The Supreme Court is considered the guardian of the Constitution, which is responsible for the protection of human rights. It has the power to hear appeals against the final decisions of the Court of Appeals and is empowered to review its own judgments.

         ii.    High court:

There are seven high courts in total, each with 18 branches. This court can initiate proceedings and impose punishment according to federal laws for contempt or obstruction of itself and its subordinate courts in the administration of justice.

        iii.    District court:

It is located in each province, as the name suggests. Judges of this court are appointed by the chief justice on the recommendation of the judicial council. District courts are responsible for all civil and criminal cases.

Levels of government:

     1.       Federal government:

The federal government has the authority to control the whole country. Federal government responsibilities include foreign affairs, social security, industrial relations, trade, immigration, currency, defense, internal security, and peace policy.

     2.       Provincial government:

Only one province is under the control of the provincial government. Provincial governments are responsible for social services like education, health, and social development as well as economic functions like agriculture, roads, transportation, and so on.

     3.       Local government:

Local government has the authority to control the particular village council or municipality or metropolis or sub metropolis.

Current political situation:

Youths in politics:

Nepal's political situation has been volatile for decades, causing ups and downs in all aspects of the country's development. Moreover, it is leading to backwardness and high dependence on other countries for many reasons. From my perspective, a politician's sincerity and good leadership lead the country down a good path for the betterment of the nation. It is only slightly visible among the old leaders. Before the age criteria, the greatest barrier to the involvement of youth in politics was their lack of interest in politics. Currently, the interest and participation among youths for the sake of political stability with new ideas, points of view, and positive attitudes are slightly increasing day by day. Many young people are gradually taking up positions at the state and local levels. I believe that young people have clearer minds and better intentions than older leaders. They can probably drive the country to a better destination because they have knowledge in many sectors and are more capable, leaving all the bad work, such as corruption, insincerity, and selfishness, to themselves. Despite taking a stand and taking a step for the country, many young people have established and proper careers. For example, Balen Shah, a versatile rapper, and architect-engineer took a strong stance for the Kathmandu district and was elected mayor of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, where he is doing outstanding work in a short period. Furthermore, if every young gun acts, even if only on a local level, youths can gradually make a significant impact in their country. I think that politics is a hypothetical game between people and their thoughts. It is also the collaboration of leaders and citizens. We make the mistake of electing an undeserving candidate and then try to blame all of the negative consequences on leaders or the nation. It is also our vital responsibility to choose wise leaders, just as people chose Balen-Shah. Likewise, the great journalist of all time, Rabi Lamichane, is taking a step into town politics in his hometown of Chitwan and has also done much good work for social welfare. We would hope to see more of his work in the coming years. Binod Chaudhary, the one and only billionaire, has also been seen displaying humility and gratitude for needy people and society. He is also a central member of the Nepali Congress and is going to be the candidate for a member of the House of Representatives from Nawalparasi. A person of such high status and fulfillment is here for the sole purpose of social welfare and the betterment of the country. Young leaders are also proving the people's hopes that they granted previously wrong, which is causing concern throughout the country. Every mother hopes that the young generation will be the great soldier to bring the beautiful sunrise, spreading the rays of positivity, development, a positive attitude, and opportunities that the older generations could not grasp.

There are many concepts in politics, and there are many principles. It is not that every theory is perfect in itself, but political beliefs are followed by minimizing all the problems. In Nepal, communal socialism has been adopted. Until recently, Nepal's politics seemed to be stuck in the management establishment. If we evaluate the decade from 2000 to 40 and 50 to 60, it seems that it was used for the establishment of democracy and republicanism. Half a century has passed in the conflict and movement between the regimes. After that, it took a decade to institutionalize the democracy-republic and make it stable. Still, we have difficulty achieving political stability. By evaluating the political environment of Nepal, it can be seen that the politics of selfishness and nepotism are harmful to the growth and development of the country. The results of the recent federal and provincial elections have led to anger toward old politics and the search for change. It will take a long time for change to come, but people are now aware that change is possible in our time. 

Education level of Nepal:

Primary level:

The primary level of education is the first formal level of education, and the basic level of education comes after preschool, which forms the bedrock of development. Primary education normally starts between the ages of 5 and 8. The primary level of education includes classes from grades 1–5.

Upper primary level:

Upper primary education consists of classes from grades 6–8. A basic level examination (BLE) is given in grade eight.

Secondary level:

The Secondary Education Exam (SEE), also known as the School Leaving Certificate (SLC), is conducted in grade 10. This includes classes 9 and 10 and follows a common academic curriculum leading to a school leaving certificate.

Higher secondary :

Since 1982, Nepal has had a higher secondary school education system. Students in grades 11 and 12 are included in this level of education. You have the right to choose the subject in which you excel and are interested. 

University level:

University education leads successfully to the degrees of bachelor, master, and Ph.D. Nepalese universities provide a standard level of education and can cater to students at an international standard. There are 16 universities in Nepal, among which Tribhuvan University is ranked as the world's largest university with the highest number of students (460632).

The merits of education are many in today's world. A person with a higher rate of degree completion and level of education is more respected in society and is more forward in all aspects of life. 

Some of the improvements that occur due to education in Nepali society are:

Women empowerment:

Education provides everyone with a sense of empowerment. A well-educated woman has better decision-making skills and is more likely to make her own choices. As a woman is considered a strong pillar in a house, if she is educated, then the whole family will be educated by themselves. Education empowers women to achieve their goals and careers. And it also empowers women with the knowledge, skills, and values they need to build to make their world better.

Poverty reduction:

Lack of proper education is regarded as a major root cause of poverty. If the person is educated, he or she is more likely to get a job. As education opens the door to jobs, resources, and skills that help people not only survive but also thrive, a well-educated person has a higher income and more opportunities in their life.

Healthier lifestyle:

People with a higher level of education have a one-third lower risk of heart disease, according to numerous research studies, because they are aware that smoking is harmful to them and avoid it, and they exercise on a regular basis, which also helps them get fit. 

Pursuing passion:

When a person becomes passionate about something, they want to immerse themselves in that topic. And education provides the space to do so. Education provides people with the confidence to go out into the world and make something of themselves.

Employment opportunity:

A well-educated person gains knowledge, skills, and experience that will benefit them in both their professional and personal lives. No one is going to put an uneducated person to work in the company. Education is something that no one can ever take away from you, which is why if you are educated, you don’t have to go to sleep without having eaten in any part of the world.

Economic growth:

When the overall country is educated, productivity increases, per capita income increases, and unemployment decreases, which leads to economic growth. People with higher educational attainment have a higher participation rate and are in the workforce for a longer period of time.

Reduces gender-based discrimination:

Gender discrimination only occurs if there are illiterate and uneducated people in society because educated people always support gender equality and make efforts to stop and prevent gender-based violence. That’s why education is important to avoid such discrimination.

Even though education causes many changes in Nepalese people, our education system is not good; it is only adequate. Our country's education is mostly focused on theoretical knowledge; they only go for book knowledge, and nothing practical is done. That’s why many children are not able to focus on their studies, and their families and teachers will be continuously forcing them to study harder because of that. Many children are also suffering from depression and anxiety nowadays. There is no use of knowledge if we can't use it practically. Students who only have theoretical and book knowledge are unable to apply their studies in their daily lives, making poor decisions and becoming frustrated. There are lots of things that need to be taught in school that will be useful for children in their future and in their life, and education should prepare us for the real world.

Even though Nepal's education system is improving by the day, there is a necessity for proper guidance and interference in the way schools teach. As the system is unstable, there should be proper leaders for the fix and tight policies for education enhancements. Instead of the same old, theoretical study, schools should implement novel teaching techniques. Different campaigns and programs should be launched weekly or monthly to discuss the major problems being faced by students and the best solutions for them. Students should be engaged in more creative activities and given fewer burdens from teachers, what with assignments and all. In this way, the education system of Nepal will take on a new face in the future if proper plans and regulations are executed.

Today, affiliate marketing has become so common among many people. At the same time, it becomes quite tough because everyone is aware of affiliate marketing as a passive income. After COVID, most people are found to be fond of social media and due to this, affiliate marketing becomes one of the best ways to earn money while staying inside the house and using social media. Not only the normal people with some capacity but also the large companies in Nepal like Daraz, Thulo, Sasto a Deal, Gyapu, etc. have also provided affiliate programs in Nepal.

About Affiliate Marketing:

Affiliate marketing is the process of promoting other people's and companies products and services in exchange for a commission on every sale made through the affiliate link. It is a business where the merchant or product owner uses third parties to advertise their product and pays them on a commission basis. Influencers play a vital role in the process of affiliate marketing, as they have an audience that they can influence and attract to the product.

Parties involved while doing affiliate marketing:

The Merchant:

The merchants are also known as the "creators," as they create and own the product. They're the ones who want to sell their products through affiliates or promoters. They are also called retailers, vendors, brands, and so on. The merchant could be a single person or the company as a whole.

The Affiliate:

They are the publisher who has the power to influence clients to buy goods and services. They promote and advertise the products through various mediums like blogs, websites, etc. Today, large numbers of people are involved in affiliate marketing because it’s the platform from which people can earn substantial income more easily and quickly. In the world and Nepal also, many affiliates are earning good money.

The Customer:

They are the ones who buy the goods and services promoted by the affiliate. They are also known as the ultimate source of revenue and the basis of all marketing. These people buy goods from affiliates based on their reviews. These people play a vital role in this market because without customers, neither merchants nor affiliates can sell their products or earn income.

Types of Affiliate Marketing:

Unattached affiliate marketing:

In this case, the affiliate has no connection to the goods or products they are promoting and advertising. It is the least involved form of affiliate marketing. In this way, affiliates put links in front of someone via Google Ad words, Facebook ads, and other social media in the hope that a customer will click on the link and buy the product, and affiliates can earn a commission.

Related affiliate marketing:

As the name suggests, related affiliate marketing involves the advertisement of goods and services by an affiliate with some type of relationship to the offering.

Involved affiliate marketing:

This kind of marketing involves a deeper connection between the affiliate and the goods and services they're promoting. In this case, the affiliate has already used the product, and they can share their experience with it with others. Their experiences are advertisements and can be trusted sources of information.

How to Do Affiliate Marketing in Nepal?   

Step 1: Find the best Platform:

If someone is trying to engage in affiliate marketing, then they must choose one or more platforms from which they can pull customers to buy the products. Without being engaged on the best platform, affiliate marketing will not be worthwhile. Websites are the oldest and most effective way to perform affiliate marketing; however, TikTok, Facebook, etc. can also be suitable platforms to perform affiliate marketing. Some of the best platforms where you can start affiliate marketing include:

·         YouTube

·         Instagram

·         Telegram

·         Tiktok

·         Website and so on.

Step 2: Select Niche:

A niche is a topic or category about which you are willing to develop content. After selecting a platform, one should start sharing content on it. The content should be one in which most people have an interest. There are different types of niches; some examples are:

·         Tutorial blogs

·         Photography

·         Technology

·         Finance

·         Entertainment and so on.

Step 3: Join Affiliate programs and champing:

After choosing a niche, you have to include details about the product and an affiliate link in your article. Without joining an affiliate program, finding a product is impossible.

The following are some well-known affiliate networks in Nepal:

·         Daraz

·         Sasto deal

·         Clothing Nepal

·         Gyapu

·         Satthi Mart

·         Durbar Mart

·         Satthi mart

Some international Affiliate Networks include:

·         Amazon Associates

·         Hostinger

·         Flipkart Affiliate

·         Grammarly

·         CJAffiliates

·         Shareasale Affiliate

·         Commission Junction

Step 4: Distribute the affiliate link:

The last and final procedure is to include an affiliate link on the chosen product on the best platform. Since everyone uses social media nowadays, we can give affiliate links on Instagram, Facebook posts, Twitter, WhatsApp groups, Facebook pages, and many more social media platforms.

Most successful Affiliates in Nepal                          

There are lots of affiliate networks and markets in Nepal, but only a few have been totally successful. Among them, Daraz, HamroBazar, and SastoDeal are pioneers here.

Is affiliate marketing worth it in Nepal?

Yes, affiliate marketing is the best way to earn passive income while sitting at home without doing any physical work. People can earn a maximum amount of money and have a good lifestyle through affiliate marketing, so it is worthwhile in Nepal.

Nepal is a small country with an area of 1,471,181 sq. km. Economically, Nepal is the least developed country in the world and agriculture is the main occupation. Agriculture forms the principal occupation of the people of Nepal. Agriculture's contribution to GDP was 26.21 percent in the fiscal year 2019/20. A large majority of the people of our country are peasants. The peasants mostly live in the village area. They are found on the hills, in the valleys, and on the plains. Though Nepal is a small country, the peasants of Nepal differ from region to region.

The peasants of Nepal are mostly poor. They live in small houses or huts. They eat poor food and wear ragged clothes. Most of them are illiterate. They are too preoccupied with their work to notice what is going on in the world. They live in unclean surroundings. They're ignorant of hygiene and sanitation. That’s why they suffer from diseases. They are so poor that they can't send their children to school.

Most of the peasants have small plots of land. The produce of the land is hardly sufficient to maintain themselves and their families. Some peasants have no land of their own; they own less than one hectare of land, and their income is insufficient even to meet their basic needs. Most of them cannot get two meals a day. They have hardly any subsidiary occupations. They remain idle in the off-season. They cultivate the land of others, and they are poorer than landed peasants. 

The peasants are very busy during the working season. They work in the fields from morning to night. They are helped by their wives and children. They work with spades and hoes. The peasants of the plains plow their fields with the help of oxen, while those of the hills and the valleys generally dig their fields with spades. The peasants keep animals like cows, oxen, goats, and sheep. These animals help them in their work and they are a source of small income as they also provide them with milk.

The peasants generally follow the traditional methods of cultivation. The product of their land is not high. They do not use good seeds and fertilizers. They do not have irrigation facilities. They cannot sell their product at a profitable rate. They have to market their goods in their localities, and they are hard hit by the scarcity of roads.

Nepalese peasants are facing different types of problems, the problems prevail in the Nepalese peasants are:

Traditional technique:

Nepalese peasants are highly dependent on traditional techniques. Due to a lack of education and widespread poverty, Nepalese farmers are unable to increase production and productivity. They are either ignorant or unable to use modern tools and techniques as well as improved seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, etc.

Inadequate irrigation facilities:

Irrigation is the lifeblood of peasants, but the irrigation facilities are not adequate in Nepal. Peasants are highly dependent on the monsoon for irrigation. Irrigation is available on only 55.8 percent of cultivated land. Productivity can't be increased without an adequate irrigation facility. Similarly, improved manure and modern technology cannot be effective without the availability of adequate irrigation.

Lack of agricultural credit :

In Nepal, about 18.7 percent of the people are below the poverty line and most of them are peasants. They are unable to invest more capital in farming. They need adequate credit facilities to make investments in agriculture. Institutional credit facilities are very limited in Nepal, and those that are available are also out of reach for poor farmers for a variety of reasons, including security concerns and lengthy formalities.

Lack of marketing facilities :

There is no organized agricultural marketing system in Nepal. Due to the absence of transportation facilities, rural areas lack marketing facilities. The peasants are forced to sell their products cheaply to local traders. That’s why peasants are discouraged from investing and producing more.

Defective land tenure system:

There is dual ownership of land in Nepal. Tenants cultivate the land, and more benefit goes to the land owner's hand without any labor or physical work. In practice, the rent charged by the landowner exceeds 50% of the amount specified by law. Because of that, peasants have no enthusiasm to increase productivity.

Existence of middleman:

Most of the peasants sell their products in the local market due to the unavailability of marketing facilities and storage facilities. The products are passed through the middleman to the ultimate consumers. Peasants have no bargaining skills or power. Price determination and the flow of products are dependent on middlemen. So, the consumers have to pay a high price, and the producers do not get a reasonable price.

Lack of storage facility:

Nepalese peasants have no storage facility for their products. So they are compelled to sell their products at a low price during the harvesting season. They are unable to store their product to sell at a time when demand and prices are high.

The peasants of Nepal require a great deal of help to improve their condition. The land reform act has improved their condition to some extent. The agricultural bank is helping them with loans. The department of agriculture is helping them with seeds and fertilizers. The government is diverting its attention to the assistance of the peasants; the peasants still require a lot of help and guidance. Everyone should try to help them.

Nepal is the only country in the world that has a large number of cultures, languages, traditions, and religions. That’s why Nepal is known as a multi-cultural, multi-religious, and multi-ethnic country. Nepal is also known as the "Garden of Different Flowers". Many ethnic groups like Newar, Brahmin, Chhetri, Rai, Magar, Gurung, Limbu and many more live here. Each group has its specific language, culture, and traditions. People observe various festivals and practices according to their religion and community. Nepal has many festivals, each having its own specific beliefs and identity. And one of the major festivals in Nepal is Tihar, also known as Deepawali. Tihar is regarded as the second major festival in Nepal after Dashain. Not only in Nepal, but Tihar is also celebrated in Indian states. Tihar is also known as the Festival of Lights. Tihar is celebrated in the month of Kartik (October to November). Tihar comes at the end of the autumn season; the autumn season is the season of harvest. Thus, the festival is observed in the season when people can spend. The festival continues for five days. That’s why it is also known as Panchak.

The first day of Tihar is the day when people worship crows, "the messengers of death." On the second day, people honor dogs as "the guardians of the god of death." The crow and dogs are regarded as the envoys of Yama, "the god of death." The third day is to worship cows as well as Laxmi, the goddess of wealth and luck. The fourth day is for the draught animal, oxen, while the Newari community also performs Mha Puja dedicated to themselves. And the last day is the most important day for brother and sister, and the day is known as "Bhai Tika," where sisters put tika on their brothers’ foreheads and give blessings.

Day 1: Kaag Tihar (Crow Festival)

The first day of the Tihar festival is called Kaag Tihar (crow day). The crow is worshipped on this day. People consider the crow as the "messenger of death". People cannot worship the crow because it is a cunning bird and no one can catch it. So, people leave some food for the crows at a certain place. The crow comes and eats the food. It is believed that if you don’t make crows happy, they will bring some bad news, and bad things will happen in the coming year.

Day 2: Kukur Tihar (Dog Festival)

The second day of the festival is Kukur Tihar (Dog Day). The dog is worshipped on this day. Some people worship their own dogs and those who don’t have their own worship street dogs. People put a tika on the dog's forehead and a garland around the dog's neck and feed the dog. On this day, Nepalese present beautiful garlands to the patrol dog and paint their foreheads in red cinnabar to thank the dogs for their contributions to social security. Kukur Tihar is also known as "Chicha Puja", and is celebrated by the Newar community.

Day 3: Laxmi Puja (Honouring the goddess of wealth)

The third day of Tihar is called Laxmi Puja. On this day, the goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Laxmi is the goddess of fortune. In the morning, people worship the cow. The cow is regarded as the incarnation of the goddess Laxmi. While worshipping the goddess Laxmi, people pray to be blessed by Laxmi with wealth. People keep their houses and surroundings clean because it is believed that Laxmi does not enter an unclean house. Many women keep fast on this day and make 'Selroti' offers to the goddess. At night, numerous candles and festive lanterns will be lit up for the Goddess of Laxmi, and people will keep the lights burning for the whole night. Almost all the houses, buildings, and temples are graced by these rows of lights. In the evening, girls go around the neighborhood, singing, and dancing in a tradition called "Bhailo". In exchange for the entertainment they provide, they are given small amounts of money and food.

Day 4: Gobardhan Puja

The fourth day of the festival is known as Gobardhan Puja. The ox is worshipped on this day. This festival is also known as Mha Puja among the Newari community, where people worship themselves for good health and prosperity. This day is also the new year of Nepal Sambat. At night, a group of boys goes around the neighborhood to play Deusi. They go around the community, sharing the money they have received from their neighbors and dividing the fund among themselves.

Day 5: Bhai Tika (Brother's Festival)

The fifth and last day of Tihar is Bhai Tika (Brother's Day). On this day, sisters worship their brothers and give them presents, especially sweets and fruits, generally called "Bhai Masala". Sisters put "Tika" on their brothers' foreheads and garland them with flowers of "Sayapatri" and "Makhmali". This ritual is done to wish for the long life and protection of the brothers. On this day, sisters create a protective barrier of holy water and blessed oil around their brothers. Brothers also put 'Tika' on their sisters' foreheads and give money and gifts in return for the respect bestowed upon them. Flowers, fruits, and sweets are in great demand on this occasion.

Here are some tourist attractions places of Nepal:

Kathmandu:

Kathmandu is the largest and capital city of Nepal, also known as the nerve center of Nepal. More than 3,059,466 people live in this valley. Many historical places are located in the Kathmandu Valley. That's why Kathmandu is known as the "City of Temples. The Kathmandu valley is full of art, architecture, and culture, which are the major attractions for tourists. The Swayambhunath stupa, Boudha stupa, Pashupatinath temple, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Hanuman dhoka, Narayanhiti palace, Patan, and Chandragiri hills are the major historical places of Kathmandu. The main attractions in this valley are Thamel, the Garden of Dreams, Asan, Kopan Monastery, and so on.

Pokhara:

Pokhara, the capital city of the Gandaki province and also known as the City of Phewa Lake, is the gateway to the Himalayas and the starting point for treks to Jomsom and the Annapurna region. Pokhara is also known as the City of Lakes, with a spectacular snowy view and is surrounded by greenery. Pokhara is the most popular tourist destination and is famous for trekking, boating, hiking, rafting, bungee jumping, and many more activities. Pokhara is one of Nepal's most scenic cities. Pokhara is all about natural, cultural, and geographical landmarks. Phewa Lake, Devi's fall, Begnas Lake, Bindhyabasini temple, Mahendra cave, Tal Barahi, Rupa Taal, International Mountain Museum, Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave, Chamero Gufa, Seti River Gorge, Gorka Memorial Museum, Matepani Gumba, World Peace Pagoda, and numerous caves are the major attractions of Pokhara. The best time to visit Pokhara is from September to November, as this is the peak tourist season.

Chitwan:

The meaning Chitwan refers to the heart of the jungle. The Chitwan forests were settled by leopards and Bengal tigers. Since then, the area has been known as Chitwan. The main attraction in Chitwan is the Chitwan National Safari Park. Elephant bathing is a popular activity in Chitwan National Park and lots of people do so. Bike hire is also super cheap in Chitwan and is a fun activity and one of the best things to do in Chitwan. Bharatpur, Narayangadh, Tandi, Parsa, and Sauraha are the major places in Chitwan. Because of the clear sky and warm temperatures, October to March is the best time to visit Chitwan. And the best time to see animals in Chitwan National Park would be around January to March.

Mustang:

Mustang is one of the largest and most beautiful districts in Nepal. Mustang is also known as the second least populated district in Nepal. Tourists are attracted to Mustang for the trekking purposes of its amazing topography and mountain sightseeing. Mustang is rich in vegetation with a range of rhododendron plantations and apple fields and is strong in Buddhist culture. Mustang is famous for its Newari and Thakali food and also for local wines, apples, Tibetan bread, KKhapse, Marpha, dried food beers, and so on. The Mustang is home to the Annapurna Base Camp, Muktinath Temple, the Gandaki River, Jomsom, Kagbeni, Lo Manthang, and several other major attractions. The best time to visit Mustang is from June to September.

Lumbini:

Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, is famous as the religious centre of Hindus and Buddhists of the world and is located in the Rupandehi district. UNESCO listed Lumbini as a world heritage site in 1997 AD. Lumbini is the most popular pilgrimage and tourist attraction in Nepal. Lumbini is under the care of the Lumbini Development Trust, which manages the site. Lumbini's major attractions are Mayadevi Pond, Ashoka Piller, Mayadevi Temple, World Peace Pagoda, Lumbini Monastic Site, Kapilvastu, and others.

Trekking in the Annapurna Region:

One of the most popular trekking regions in Nepal is the Annapurna region. Trekking in the Annapurna Region is still a dream for many trekkers around the world as it is full of adventures that give the best view of the peak or base camp. The Annapurna Region offers many treks. Beginners can enjoy the Annapurna Panorama Trek Package as any age group can trek, while the main attraction of this package is Poon Hill. From Poon Hill, which is popular for sunrise views of the Annapurna Range and Dhaulagiri Mountain, we could explore a 360° view. Expert trekkers can also participate in Annapurna Base Camp Trek, but every trek in the Annapurna and Everest Region requires a specialist guide who can guide you on accommodation, itinerary, routes, maps, and other details.

Trekking in the Everest base camp:

The Everest Region is the most popular trekking destination worldwide as it has the highest mountain, Mt. Everest, and other peaks ranging from 7,000m to 8,000m. The Everest Region also offers 10+ treks, while for beginners, 1-day helicopter treks are suggested as we can enjoy the view and there is no risk of elevation either. Some trekkers also suggest the 16-day Classic Trek via Jiri, as trekkers will be aware of accommodation, elevation, and more. It is also the busiest trekking region, with at least 200+ trekkers daily. People prefer Everest Base Camp Trek in this region and can also go to Sagarmatha Nation Park for refreshments. Many companies in Thamel run Trek Planning Agencies for foreigners.

There are several lakes and tanks of frozen and structural origin in Nepal. Mountain lakes like Rara, Phoksundo, Phewa, and so forth are glorious in degree and excellence. Rara, in the Mugu area of western Nepal, is the country's biggest lake. Phewa at Pokhara is another similarly renowned lake. Phoksundo in Dolpa District is another massive lake, but it is less well-known than Phewa Lake due to its difficult methodology.

Some major lakes of Nepal:

Rara Lake:

 Rara (locally known as Mahendra Daha )is the deepest lake in Nepal and lies at an altitude of 2990 meters above sea level, covering an area of 10.8km2. They are located in Jumla and Mugu districts. The scene of Rara becomes attractive when it blends with the shadow of the Sinje and Kanjirowa mountains. Rara is quickly becoming a popular destination for visitors from all over the world, with the number of tourists visiting Rara Lake increasing at an alarming rate. The color of the Rara Lake changes three times a day; it seems to be blue, brown, purple, and crimson the best times to visit the Rara Lake are September/October and April to May.

Phewa Lake:

Phewa Lake is regarded as the largest lake in the Pokhara valley and the second-largest lake in Nepal. It is a socially, economically, culturally, and ritually important place. Boating and paragliding are the major attractions of Phewa Lake. Boating in the crystal clear water of Phewa Lake enhances the experience, and many paragliding flights take off from the lake's shore. The casting of a great reflection on the Machhapuchhre Himal’s surface is the other attraction of this lake. Phewa Lake is also famous for various dishes of fish that are found in lakes.

Begnas Lake:

Begnas Lake is considered the third-largest lake in Nepal and the second-largest in the Pokhara Valley. Since the lake is quite away from the city area, this lake is regarded as the best tourist attraction in western Nepal. The main attractions of this place are water sports, typical Nepali western culture, and freshwater boating. The focal point of this lake is the shadow of the surrounding hills on the crystal clear water, which adds to the charm of this lake.

Shey Phoksundo Lake:

Shey Phoksundo is located in the Dolpa district at an elevation of 3,611.5m above sea level. The maximum depth of Shey Phoksundo is 145m. Shey Phoksundo is known for its elegant turquoise color. Annually, hundreds of pilgrims visit Shey Phoksundo lake to take a bath in the holy water of this lake. Because of the favorable temperature and weather, the months of March to May and September to November are suitable times to visit this lake.

Tilicho Lake:

Tilicho Lake is the highest lake in the world, located in the Manang district at an altitude of 4,919m. It is a renowned tourist destination and is very famous for hiking. Tilicho is a glacial lake that lies in the Annapurna range of the Himalayas. Snowy white peaks such as Khangsar, Nilgiri, Muktinath, and Tilicho peak surround the lake area, adding more beauty to this lake.

Gosaikunda Lake:

Gosaikunda is a beautiful lake located in the Rasuwa district inside the Langtang National Park, at an altitude of 4,380 m. This lake is taken as the origin of the Trishuli River. Rafting is the major attraction of this lake. This lake carries the most beautiful and religious values in Nepal. It is said that the origin of Gosaikunda is related to the Hindu scriptures such as Bhagwat Purana, Vishnu Purana, and the great epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. Since Gosaikunda offers the visitor an opportunity to explore the holy land, it makes every traveler forget their pains and sorrows. The best times to visit this lake are from February to May and late September to December.

Gokyo Lake:

Gokyo Lake lies in Sagarmatha National Park at an elevation of 4700–5000m above sea level. It consists of 19 lakes; Gokyo Lakes are taken as oligotrophic lakes. Gokyo lakes are located in the Khumjung Village of Solukhumbu District. The major lake of the Gokyo Lakes is Gokyo Cho, with an area of 42.9 hectares. Thonak Lake is the largest, with an area of 65.07 hectares. Gyazumpa Cho consists of 29 hectares, whereas Tanjung Cho consists of 16.95 hectares and Ngojumba Cho has an area of 14.39 hectares. From there, visitors can see four of the world's four massive Himalayan ranges at over 8000 meters. According to Hindu mythology, Gokyo Lake is the home of Nag Devata (the Snake God).

Panch Pokhari :

Panch Pokhari is the ninth highest-altitude wetland in the world, with an elevation of 4100m above sea level, and is located at Sindhupalchowk. The lake is a combination of five sacred ponds; that's why it is known as panch pokhari (five ponds). This lake is famous for both Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimages in Nepal.  On the occasion of the Janai Purnima festival, this lake becomes the holy destination for Hindu pilgrims. Stunning mountain ranges like the Langtang range, Jugal Himal, Rolwaling Himal, and many more snow-capped ranges are offered by Pancha Pokhari.

Above them are some of the beautiful lakes of Nepal that are popular and have their own qualities. Nepal is the second-most extravagant nation in terms of water assets. The frigid stream and the liquefying of the snow on the mountain tops give way to ravishing streams, lakes, and different water-bodies-production Nepal, a heavenly objective that is home to the grounds of numerous sapphire Himalayan beverages of water concealed on mountain precipices.

Large numbers of ponds in Nepal hold strict and conventional importance and have guests and explorers visiting them from everywhere in the world. The cerulean ponds of Nepal are the country's jewels, adding to the beauty of the overall scene.

Nepal is a rocky country. She is known as the place where the Himalayas are. The Himalayas, which are located in the northern part of the country, most likely boosted her personality and respect. The high mountains in Nepal are covered with snow, yet the lower portions of them are covered with grass and plants. Many individuals live in the mountains. A large portion of the rich terrain has been developed. The mountains are not densely populated. Individuals' lives are troublesome there. A large portion of individuals is designers. Higher mountains are also used to eat steers such as cows, yaks, goats, and sheep. The snow-covered mountain tops entice numerous unfamiliar sightseers. They appear to be alluring, yet they are getting contaminated these days. The primary attractions of the travel industry in Nepal are these grand mountains.

Major mountains of Nepal:

Everest:

Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world with an altitude of 8,848.86m, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. Many mountains on earth can't be climbed, but Mt. Everest is the one that can be climbed even though it is the highest peak in the world and has been successfully climbed by more than 5,000 different people over 9,000 times. Mountaineers can get great satisfaction and pride from being on top of Mount Everest, which is unparalleled. This is why Mount Everest has an incomparable position in the hearts of mountaineers. The perfect time to climb Mount Everest is in May. It is the time between the rainy season and the windy season in the Everest region.

Kangchenjunga:

Kangchenjunga, also spelled as Kanchanjunga, is the third-highest mountain in the world with an altitude of 8,586m, located in the Taplejung district. Kangchenjunga was once thought to be the highest peak in the world, but Mount Everest was discovered to be higher. Since Kangchenjunga is located in a remote area, the Kangchenjunga region is not much explored by trekkers.

Lhotse:

Lhotse is the fourth highest peak in Nepal, located in Solukhumbu District, at an altitude of 8,516m. Lhotse is climbed via virtually the same route as Mount Everest. By 2007, there were 317 climbers on Lhotse, but due to some serious incidents, Lhotse wasn’t climbed for three of 2014, 2015, and 2016. However, the mountain was climbed again in May 2017. The monsoon season of summer and winter are not suitable periods for the Lhotse expedition. However, the post-monsoon seasons (September to November) are a great time to climb Lhotse.

Makalu:

Makalu is the fifth highest peak in the world with an altitude of 8,485m and is located in the Mahalangur Himalayas, 19 km southeast of Mount Everest. Due to its steep pitches and knife-edge ridges, Makalu is considered one of the most difficult eight-thousand-meter mountains to climb. Makalu has the structure of an isolated peak shaped like a four-sided pyramid. May is the best time to climb Makalu.

Cho Oyu:

Mount Cho Oyu is the sixth-highest peak in the world, located in the Khumbu region (the border of Nepal and Tibet) at an altitude of 8,201m. Since Cho Oyu has a high ascent success rate and practically no objective risks, Mt.Cho Oyu is relatively known as the safest and easiest of all the 8000 m peaks of Nepal. Mt. Cho Oyu has recently become popular with skiers and snowboarders due to its relatively low objective risk and good snow conditions, especially in the fall. The best time to climb Cho Oyu is in the fall, from August to October.

Dhaulagiri:

Dhaulagiri (also known as the White Mountain) is the seventh-highest peak in the world and the sixth-highest peak in Nepal. It lies in the western part of Nepal at an elevation of 8,167m. That's why it became an important tourist center. Dhaulagiri lies northwest of Pokhara. When Dhaulagiri was first discovered, it was said to be the highest peak in the world and was remanded for 30 years. Later, it became the seventh-highest peak in the world.

Manaslu:

Manaslu (The Mountain of Spirit), the eighth-highest peak in the world, is located in the west-central part of Nepal (Mansiri Himal ) at an altitude of 8,163m. Mount Manaslu is also called the Killer Mountain of the World because more than 60 mountaineers have given their lives while summiting this mountain, making it the most dangerous mountain of all. The small tea houses make this Manaslu trek more famous, where trekkers can take a rest and have a cup of tea.

Annapurna:

Mount Annapurna (The Goddess of Harvest) is the tenth highest peak in the world with an elevation of 8091m, located at the border of Myagdi and Kaski Districts in Gandaki Province. It is in the Annapurna massif of Nepal. Due to lower altitudes and fewer steep climbs, Annapurna is slightly easier to climb.

These brilliant mountains, crediting heavenly magnificence in Nepal, have assumed a vast part in the upgrade of the travel industry. Our travel industry exchange relies upon them. Numerous vacationers anxiously visit Nepal to see the mountains. Some of them come here to ascend the frigid mountains; in particular, they climb Mt. Everest, the most noteworthy peak on the planet. Numerous unusual spices are tracked down in the Himalayan locales of Nepal. We can use them directly as medication or we can use them to make stronger medications. In the event that we trade them to far-off nations, we can procure unfamiliar cash. The snow-covered mountains are the starting points of the waterways in Nepal. Consequently, mountains are the most durable wellsprings of water. The environment and climate are new and solid in the mountains. That is why the people who live in mountain areas are always fiery and vigorous. 

We can have a few impediments from the mountains. They are one of the deterrents to the improvement of the country. The ripeness of the land isn't wealthy in the mountains. The ranchers are under the destitution line. Streets are required by some other development developers. In any case, street-making in the mountains ends up being extremely sluggish and costly. The way of life of individuals is truly challenging. Numerous catastrophic events, for example, avalanches, floods, and soil disintegration, seriously affect individuals. The principal issue in the mountains is the absence of good transportation and correspondence. These days, the way of life of individuals in the mountains is improving because the issue of transportation and correspondence has decreased. The majority of individuals have begun developing vegetables and natural products, which end up being more profitable than conventional farming. On the off chance that the mountain locales are appropriately developed, the situation in the nation surely gets elevated.

It is said that the advancement of the mountains in Nepal upholds the improvement of the entire country. The exceptional flourishing of the country can be accomplished assuming all the mountain locales are used and plentifully created to encourage individuals' way of life and status. The public authorities and all areas concerned are expected to do their best to mitigate the hopelessness of the occupants of the mountain locales.

Some major festivals of Nepal:

Dashain:

Dashain is Nepal's biggest and longest festival. Usually, Dashain is celebrated in September or October. Since Goddess Durga battled with the demon for ten days and killed Mahisasur, Dashain is the festival of a win over evil. Dashain lasts for 15 days, beginning with Sukla Paksha (Bright Lunar Fortnight) and ending with Purnima (Full Moon). Among the fifteen days, the most important days are the first, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth days. The first day is Ghatasthapana, where the actual Dashain begins. The most important thing that is done on this day is that people sow Jamara (Sacred yellow grass). The seventh day is Fulpati, which means flower leaves. It is generally held on Tudhikhel, which is observed by the President, and also on Hanuman Dhoka. The eight-day is Maha Aastami  On this day  Durga and Kali are worshipped by devotees. As a symbol of fertility, the devotees offered blood to the Goddess. The ninth day is known as Maha Navami, the day before Vijaya Dashami. On this day, all machinery such as buses, cars, bikes, and cycles, as well as household items such as knives, axes, and Khukuri, are worshiped. The tenth day is Vijaya Dashami, which is the most auspicious day of the Dashain festival in Nepal. On this day, people usually travel to their relatives' houses to put on tika and get blessings from their elderly.

The main beauty of this festival is happiness, as you get to meet your loved ones. Children's craze to buy new clothes, visit their relatives' houses, kite flying, and village swings are the highlights of Dashain.

Tihar:

Tihar is the second biggest festival in Nepal, which is also known as Deepawali, or the festival of lights. Tihar continues for five days. The first day is Kaag Tihar(Crow Day). On this day, people worship crows by offering rice and other foods. Crows are known as death messengers, so it is important to ensure that the crows are happy; otherwise, they will carry the bad news, and bad things will happen in the coming year. The second day is Kukur Tihar (Dog Day)  when people honor dogs by decorating them with tika and calendula garlands and then treating them to a fancy dinner. Dogs are known as "the gatekeepers of death". On this day are Gai Tihar and Laxmi Puja (honoring cows and the goddess of wealth). On this day, people often worship cows and Laxmi (the goddess of wealth). At night, dazzling candles, oil lamps, and bright lights are lit up at the doors and even on the steps. On this day, Nepalese people try to make their houses as attractive as possible to attract Laximi's attention. And the entertaining part of this day is that kids in their small groups go to their neighbors' houses and sing Tihar songs like Bhailo and Deusi. In return, the house owner gives them money, fruit, and sweets. The fourth day is Goru Puja, Govardhan Puja, and Maha Puja, also celebrated as Newari's New Year. On this day, the ox is worshipped. Since the ox is an indispensable helper for the farmer, people perform Goru Puja for the ox. This day is also seen as the New Year for the Newar community in the Kathmandu valley. To worship themselves, all the Newarians will reunite for this festival and perform Mha Puja. The fifth and last day is the main day of Tihar, i.e., Bhai Tika. This is also the last day of Tihar. On this day, brothers and sisters will gather together and place multi-colored Tika on their foreheads. Every sister prays for a long and prosperous life for her brothers to the gods and goddesses. This celebration has built up a close relationship between brothers and sisters.

Teej :

Haritalika Teej, also known as Teej, is a great festival of Nepalese womanhood. Generally, Teej lasts for three days. On the first day, nothing special happens during the day, but at night, women make a hearty meal and prepare tasty sweets (dharr). Many girls and women gather together with food and drinks, and they sing and dance. Those celebrations continue till midnight. The second day is the day of fasting and praying to Lord Shiva. On this day, women bathe, dress in saris and jewelry, and then visit Lord Shiva's temples nearby to offer flowers and fruits to Lord Shiva. Married women make a wish for the health of their husbands and families. The unmarried girls follow Teej rituals to pray for a good husband. The most popular place to worship Lord Shiva during the Teej festival is the Pashupatinath temple. On this day, women can neither eat anything nor drink a drop of water. The third day is Rishi Panchami. On this day, women bathe in red mud found on the roots of the sacred datiwan bush, along with its leaves. It is believed that this symbolic bath will absolve them of all sins.

Maha Shivaratri:

Shivaratri is one of the biggest festivals of the Hindu religion, which is mostly held in March. It is known as the birthday of Lord Shiva. On this day, both men and women fast in order to impress Lord Shiva. It is especially celebrated at the Pashupatinath temple. Married women in Nepal pray for the well-being of their husbands. And unmarried ones offer their worship to find a husband like Lord Shiva, who is considered the ideal husband. The Rudra Abhishek and milking of the Shiva statue are done by devotees. According to one legend, this is the night of the convergence of Shiva and Shakti. It represents the significance of masculine and feminine energies to balance the world.

Holi:

Holi(Fagu Purnima) is the festival known as the colorful festival. It celebrates the death of the devil Holika. On this day, children, as well as adults and people of all age groups, enjoy playing with water and colors. In the Terai region, people celebrate it the next day when the people of the Kathmandu valley celebrate it. During Holi, children are more excited to play with their family, friends, and senior citizens.

Many more festivals are celebrated in Nepal. Some of them are mentioned below.

·         Loshar

·         Buddha Jayenti

·         Mani Rimdu 

·         Maghe Sankranti

·         Janai Purnima

·         Gai Jatra

·         Bisket Jatra

·         Indra Jatra

·         Chatt Puja

·         Basanta Panchami, and so on.

It all started in 1934 after the earthquake hit Nepal. On the new road, row shops were formed. A businessman from India named Bhuramulla  Chaudhary began his small shop with a rental fee of RS.200. Mr. Bhurmulla was doing a business of importing and export of fabric. Due to this, he was among the ones who were allowed to enter Rana's palace.  He and his son were providing Rana's a good quality of fabric and creating a good relationship with Ranas. Because Mr. Bhurmulla knew that having a king by his side is a good promotion of his business, at that time there was no need for the registration of the company.

After the death of Mr. Bhurmulla his son Lunkaran Das Chaudhary handled his father's business. He was the fund of business and also had great ideas of his own. A modern textile company was established in 1965; Mr. Lunkaran expanded his imported business from India to Biratnagar and started to export them from the USA to Europe as well using of loyal connection that had been made by his father and, with the brand name "Rhino" nationally and internationally. That is how the expansion of the Chaudhary group began. Since Business Empire was just begun it was not known as CG. Same year Nepal spinning, knitting, waving Pvt. Ltd was established and he started to produce his textile, gathering the technique from India and Nepal itself. By the year 1967, Mr. Lunkaran was able to establish himself as a well-known fabric trader. At the time the demand for steel utensils and furnishing started to arise. Mr. Lunkaran saw profit in furnishing and hence Ratna Stainless steel was established.  This was the second company in the line of many to come in the Chaudhary group. This was also the beginning of an industrial era in Nepal.

After Ratna stainless steel came Arun Implex in 1970, and it becomes the central hub of import and export.  Whenever Mr. Lunkaran saw chance or profit and goodwill he invested his money and that paid out well for him. For publicity, he expanded solely through the mouth to mouth of goodwill of people. Thus the naming of the Chaudhary group was formed.

Present

Binod Chaudhary walked in the path of business from an early age and carried on the will and legacy of the Chaudhary group. Binod Kumar Chaudhary is a Nepalese billionaire, businessman, politician, and promoter of human welfare who was born on April 14th, 1955. Binod Chaudhary is the chairman and president of the Chaudhary Group (CG). In February 2013, he was admitted as Nepal's wealthiest person and only billionaire, having an estimated net worth of $1 billion. Since 2013, his net worth has increased to $1.7 billion. Besides his business, he focuses on distribution, retail, leisure, and manufacturing. He has done charity work, book writing, filmmaking, and many other great things. The Chaudhary Group is a business group founded by Binod Chaudhary's grandfather, Lankaran Das Chaudhary. In 1984, Wai Wai, a brand of instant noodles that was introduced to Nepal 1984, had successfully become the company's bestseller. He took over his family company at the age of 23, and wrote, "Running that disco taught me a lot about business, but it was only when I took over the family business of running Arun Emporium, turning its fortune and looking after the family, that I understood the business." The idea of selling Wai Wai noodles came to his mind after seeing many people from Thailand with packets of noodles. From that, he realized that there was a craving for Thai noodles in Nepal. He went to Thailand and visited the Thai Preserved Food Factory Co. Ltd., the company that produced Wai Wai noodles for Thailand. He wanted to do a collab book-writing with the company, though the owner was not that confident and dominated the idea of bringing the noodles to Nepal, saying it would not work due to the country's "poverty and poor infrastructure".

Major projects:

1970: United Builders

1973: Pashupati Biscuits

1991: Rahul Exim Trading Pvt. Ltd

1992: Impact International, Himalayan International, Marketing Associates Pvt. Ltd., United Finance Pvt. Ltd

1993: Power Development Nepal Pvt. ltd., United Insurance Pvt. ltd., Shree Mahalaxmi Nutritious Foods Pvt. Ltd, and Chaudhary Investments Pvt. Ltd

1994: ABB Investments Pvt. Ltd, Himalayan Intercontinental Pvt. Ltd

1995:  Chaudhary Foundation and Shree Lunkaran Das Ganga Devi Academy for Arts and Literature

1996: CG Education and Shree Lunkaran Das Ganga Devi Chaudhary Charity Hospital Pvt. Ltd.

1999: CG Developers

2003: CG Finco

2006: CG Energy & Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd (CGEI)

2012: FMCG, CG Biotech, CG Cement, CG Electronics

2013: CG Telecom

The Chaudhary Group is Nepal’s first multinational conglomerate and intends to take Nepal to the world.  Chaudhary Group has a stake in Nabil Bank, which is Nepal's largest private-sector commercial bank. The group operates CG Finco (a financial company), United Remit (a remittance company), United Finance (a financial company), and United Insurance Company. The hospitality arm of the Chaudhary Group, CG Hotels, and Resorts, operates hotels. The Chaudhary Group runs Chandbagh schools, Campion schools and colleges, and Delhi Public Schools in Nepal. The group distributes consumer electronics such as smartphones, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, TVs, vacuum cleaners, and other products across Nepal. It imports and distributes other brands such as TCL, Intex, Godrej, and Kelvinator. The best-known brand that the group deals in is LG Corporation of South Korea. To launch 4G services in Nepal CG Group has signed a deal worth $1 million with China's Huawei. Binod Chaudhary had played a great role in human welfare, indeed. The Chaudhary Foundation served in building 10,000 transitional shelters for survivors of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. They also committed to building 100 schools for those damaged in the earthquake. The foundation has transferred over 2500 shelters and 40 school buildings. Due to government norms, the foundation is now moving away from transitional shelters to permanent housing and is working on building a "model village".

Water resources:

Among all the natural resources of Nepal, water resources are regarded as one of the most important. There are more than six thousand rivers, including major and minor, with a length of more than 4500 Km. There are a large number of lakes and springs as well. Koshi, Narayani, Gandaki, Rapti, Veri, Karnali, Mahakali, etc. are the major rivers of Nepal. Likewise, Rara, Phewa, Begnas, Tilicho, etc. are the major lakes. Nepal's regular sources of water resources are the Himalayan glaciers and rainfall. With regard to water resources, Nepal stands in the second position in the world. Water resources are also termed "white gold" for the Nepalese economy. If the available water resources are properly utilized, Nepal can easily be converted into a developed country.

Importance of water resources:

1. Development of agriculture

- The development of agriculture entirely depends upon the development of irrigation in Nepal. Nepalese agriculture still depends on monsoon rain. The development of irrigation and modernization of agriculture depend directly on water resources.

2. Development of transportation and communication

- Energy generated from water resources can be used to run electric means of transport such as electric buses, cable cars, electric trains, ropeways, and other electric vehicles. Similarly, with proper water resource utilization, means of communication such as telephone, internet, fax, radio, TV, and so on can be developed.

3. Tourism development

- Tourism in Nepal has a close relationship with natural setting. Since rivers, waterfalls, natural springs, lakes, etc. add the natural beauty of the country; it would help to develop tourism industry by providing different facilities like rafting, boating, and swimming and etc.

4. Basis of good health

- Development of water resources helps to provide pure drinking water which leads to basis of healthy life. It helps not only to increase the productivity of labour but also to raise of living standard of people.

5. Employment opportunity

- The development of water resources helps to create more employment opportunities. Since hydroelectricity helps to develop agriculture, tourism, etc. the economic activities in the country increases.

Uses of water resources:

1. Hydroelectricity

- One of the main uses of water resources is hydroelectricity production. The first hydroelectricity project is the Pharping hydroelectricity project, which was constructed in 1968 BS during the Rana rule. Hydroelectricity is accessible to 77 districts of the country, and 93% of the population has access to electricity.

2. Irrigation

- Irrigation is another important use of water resources in Nepal. It is known as the lifeblood of agriculture. Without irrigation facilities, the development of agriculture is not possible, and without the development of agriculture, economic development is not possible in Nepal. One of the main reasons behind the slow development in the agriculture sector is the lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Of the country's total 2,641,000 hectares (18%) of arable land, the irrigation command area is only 1,766,000 hectares (67%). By 2020/21, the command area of irrigation facilities had reached 58.07% of total irrigable land. However, around the year, irrigation facilities are available on 33% of total irrigable land.

3. Drinking water

Drinking water is essential for human existence. Human life is impossible without drinking water. Although Nepal is rich in water resources, people here face an acute shortage of safe drinking water in both urban and rural areas. The supply of sufficient safe drinking water to all the people in the state creates a good environment for achieving prosperity in the economy. According to the census of 2068, 47.84% of people have access to pipeline drinking water and 35% use the sallow-tube well for drinking water. According to the economic survey 2020/21, 91% of people have access to basic drinking water services. However, only 23% of people have access to high or medium-level drinking water services. The fifteenth plan (2019/20-2023/24) has set the target of providing drinking water facilities to 99% of the total population.

Forest Resource:

Forest resources are the other most important natural resources of Nepal. It stands in a significant position for economic development as well as to maintain the environmental balance of Nepal. Forest resources are the most important for the economic development of a nation as well as for the conservation of the natural environment. Nepal was very rich in forest resources in the past. It is evident from the old saying "Hariyo Ban Nepal Ko Dhan" (the green forest is the wealth of Nepal). Nowadays, the condition of Nepalese forest resources is not as good as it was in the past. In Nepal, forests have covered 5.962 million hectares of land and wooded land has covered 0.648 million hectares of land. Altogether, the total area covered by forest is 44.8% of the total land area. By province, Karnali province occupies the highest forest areas, and province No.2 occupies the lowest.

Importance of Forest Resources:

1. Source of energy

Forest resources are the main source of energy in Nepal. Firewood is the cheapest source of energy that comes from the forest. According to the 2011 census, only firewood fulfils 64% of the total energy demand of Nepal in household use.

2. Source of raw material

The raw materials for different industries, such as paper, medicine, plastics, matches, and furniture, come from the forest. As a result, the development of such industries is heavily reliant on a consistent and sufficient supply of raw materials from the forest.

3. Sources of foreign currency

Various products such as timber, herbal products, industrial raw materials, and wooden handicrafts are collected as well as produced from the forest and can be supplied to neighboring countries to earn foreign currency.

4. Sources of water

Most of the water resources originate from green hills and mountains. Dense forests absorb rainwater, regulate it into the earth through their roots and help to preserve water at inner levels, and enrich the water table constantly.

5. Maintain environmental and ecological balance

Forests influence local and regional climates, preserve soil and in the case of watersheds, protect soil downstream from floods. Forest resource also provides internal greenery and natural beauty to us. It is very important to maintain an ecological balance between wildlife habitats and human beings.

Mineral Resource:

It is very important to have natural resources for the economic development of a nation. Different types of minerals, such as gold, silver, copper, coal, gas, petroleum products, limestone, iron, etc., which are found in the womb of the earth are mineral resources. Mineral resources play an important role in the economic development of a nation. It is said that Nepal is rich in mineral resources. However, the extent to which commercial utilization of mineral resource deposits is possible is yet to be known. Nepal has many kinds of mineral deposits such as iron, copper, limestone, natural gas, coal, lead, magnetic, nickel, marble, and mica in different parts of the country. Mineral exploration in a scientific manner started in Nepal some 73 years ago. Some of the mineral resources have been used in industrial production, like cement, industrial lime, dead burnt magnetite, polished marble, etc.

Importance of mineral resources:

1. Employment opportunities

Mineral industries require unskilled, skilled, and highly skilled manpower, which creates employment opportunities for all types of human resources.

2. Development of new industries

The development of new industries from cottage/micro industries to large-scale industries depends on mineral resources. Agriculture limes, zinc, and cement are the main industries of Nepal based on mineral resources.

3. Source of foreign currency

If Nepal extracts large quantities of minerals such as natural gas, diesel, petrol, kerosene, iron, copper, etc. it can save and earn a large amount of foreign currency.

4. Development of transportation and communication

Modern means of transport, such as air, road, and water, and means of communication, such as television, radio, computers, telephones, faxes, etc., are produced by the utilization of mineral resources. Hence, the development of transport and communication is highly dependent on the proper development of mineral resources.

5. Supply of construction material

Different development projects are in operation in different sectors of the economy. Development projects need a high amount of construction materials such as brick, cement, steel, copper, etc. which can be supplied cheaply and adequately if we develop the mineral resource properly.

The term "hotel" was derived from the French word "hotel", meaning "townhouse." The word "hotel" was also derived from the word "hostel," which means a place to stay for travelers. Therefore, a hotel is defined as an establishment that provides lodging (accommodation) facilities to the general public with food and beverage on payment.

The term "hotel" was used for the first time by the 5^th Duke of Devonshire to name a lodging house in London in 1760 AD.

Development of hotel industry in Nepal:

The development of hotels has been seen to have started after 1950 AD with the dawn of democracy. Foreign tourists were officially allowed to enter Nepal after democracy, which led to the growth and development of hotels. In Nepal, the concept of hotels was developed around 65 years ago with the opening of "Himalayan Inn" and "Paras Inn" on the new road in 1950 and 1951 AD. Thus, these hotels are considered the first hotels in Nepal. But the actual development of the hotel took place only after the establishment of a hotel called the "Royal Hotel" at Kantpath by a Russian chef, Booritch Lissanevitch. It was the first international standard hotel, which was established in 1954 AD. Similarly, other hotels have also started to come into existence with the increase in tourist arrivals. To meet tourist demand, the hoteliers decided to build standard hotels. As a consequence, Mr. Ram Shankar opened a hotel called "Hotel Shankar" at Lazimpat, Kathmandu, at the old Rana Palace. This hotel was the first four-star rated hotel in Nepal. Similarly, in the year of 1965 AD, Hotel Del Annapurna came into operation, which was the first five-star hotel in Nepal, which was formed under the management of "The Taj Hotel". In 1966 AD, the hotel Soaltee was established, which was under the management of the Oberoi group of hotels, called Soaltee Oberoi. It was established as a deluxe five-star hotel. Likewise, six years later, in 1973 AD, another five-star hotel was established called "Hotel Yak and Yeti".

To promote tourism activities, the "Nepal Tourism Committee" was constituted in 1970 AD. The Nepal Tourism Master Plan, developed in 1972, was the basis for developing the tourism sector. In 1966, NATTA (Nepal Association of Tour and Travel Agents) was established by a group of travel agents. The decade 1970 is also marked as the beginning of nightlife's concept in Kathmandu due to an increase in the number of hippies.

Four-star hotels of Nepal:

Five-star hotels of Nepal:

Of late, the hospitality industry has been immensely contributing to the national economy since 1977 AD. Nepal has greatly improved in infrastructure and structural support for the development of tourism. The advent of modern tourism activities has brought drastic changes in the hotel industry in Nepal as well. The modern concept of the fashionable generation has changed the overall system of hotels in Nepal. At present, hotels have emerged in almost all the areas of tourist attractions, such as clubs, resorts, golf resorts, safari hotels, wildlife camps, etc., to fulfil the desires of customers.

Characteristics of Nepalese agriculture:

1. Subsistence farming:

Most of the farmers from Nepal follow agriculture for substance purposes, i.e. just for their own consumption, not for commercialization.

2. Traditional  farming system:

Some Nepalese farmers still use the old farming technique. They still use the same tools and methods used by their ancestors. Only a few farmers have started to use modern technology to improve farming.

3. Dual ownership of land:

There are many cases of landlord and tenant land ownership in Nepalese agriculture. Although the landlord doesn’t have any effort in production, they will still be the ones who will be in more profit. As a result, tenants are discouraged from producing less and working less.

4. Unequal distribution of land:

The distribution of land is highly biased in Nepal. The number of farmers who have less than 1 hectare of land is very small in Nepal. According to the Nepal, living standards survey 2010/11, 53% of farmers hold less than 1 hectare of land and only 4% of farmers have more than 2 hectares of land for cultivation.

5. Underemployment and disguised unemployment

Since agriculture is seasonable in nature, people are not employed all year round. Marginal productivity of increased labour in agriculture is almost zero. Due to this disguised unemployment exists in Nepalese agriculture.

The contribution of all provinces in agriculture:

Province 1: This province is extremely supported by agriculture and tourism. It covers some fertile terai districts that produce a profusion of food grains. Rice, maize, jute, and sugarcane are major crops in the Terai region, while tea, cardamom, ginger, and citrus grown within the hills and high hills are the main sources of earnings. The important livestock businesses are milk production, piggery, and poultry farming. Farmers of the Terai region also produce fruits like mango, litchi, and banana. For the production of tea, Ilam and Jhapa are the major districts.

Province 2: It lies in the south-eastern region of Nepal and is the smallest province in terms of area. This province lies only in the Thai region and carries the highest potential for agriculture production. The majority of the population is Madheshi, with the highest density among all provinces. It contains the most fertile and suitable land for agriculture and is the most important contributor to the economy through food production and fishing. The region produces various crops such as rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, jute, and vegetables and is highly commercialized. Likewise, fish farming is also a major source of income for the people of this province. Almost 50 % of total fish production in the country comes from this province. Therefore, this province plays a great role in the country's economy and agriculture.

Province 3: In terms of population, this province is the largest. Almost 90% of the area falls within the hills and high hills. It does not contain the core part of Thailand but has some agricultural lands in Chitwan, Makwanpur, and Sindhuli. This region has a high food deficit not because of small production but of highly populated metropolitans like Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bharatpur this region's main sources of income are service, hydroelectricity, the remittance industry, and agriculture. Poultry, dairy, and vegetables are highly commercialized in this region. People are engaged in agriculture for their domestic use and to produce small quantities.

Province 4: This province consists of 10 districts and the eastern part of the former Nawalparasi district. It's also an agriculture-based province. It's estimated that 64% of the population is engaged in agriculture. Tourism and hydropower are the most important economic sectors. The majority of climate styles are offered in this province due to its rich diversity. Except for rice, the province is deficient in fruits and vegetables and relies on self-sufficiency rather than commercialization for cereals. It's highly deficient in onion, garlic, oilseed, and pulses. The people of this province are involved in agriculture, tourism, industry, services, and foreign employment. This province collects the best remittances. The key food crops grown in this province are paddy,maize, millet, and wheat. The cash crops include potatoes, coffee, apples, and oranges.

Province 5 is formed by both the hilly region and plain land of the Terai. The rivers like Karnali, Bheri, Rapti, and Babai provide opportunities for great irrigation in the province. The Sikta irrigation project and the Babai irrigation project have benefited agricultural production. This province is ideal and suitable for agriculture production as the land is very fertile and a good source of irrigation. Paddy, mustard, wheat, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, potatoes, lentils, and cotton are the major crops. The major trade centers are Butwal, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, Kohalpur, Tulsipur, Krishnanagar, and Gulariya. It has a great source of agriculture and tourism.

Province 6: It is located in Nepal's western region. This is the biggest province of all in size. The food is highly expensive and dependent. The province is fertile for fruits like apples, oranges, and pomegranates, which are traded all over the country. Maize, barley, wheat, millet, and paddy are the major food crops. This province's cash crops are most likely mustard, soybeans, and hot chili. The special paddy crop known as "Jumli Marsi" is a very popular breed of paddy which is produced in Jumla. Medicinal plants are major products that sustain the economies of many people. Because of the big Karnali River, this province is capable of earning much through hydroelectricity.

Province 7: It lies in the westernmost part of Nepal, which is also the second smallest province. This province lies in the high food insecurity region. There is a high potential for medicinal and valuable crops. The major trade centers of this province are Dhangadhi, Dadeldhura, Mahendranagar, and Dayal. The main crops grown in this province are wheat, mustard, maize, and cotton. People are also engaged in fishing and farming.

"Tourism" definition

In general, the term "tourism" refers to an activity in which a person travels from one location to another within or outside the country in their leisure time and must be involved in economic activity in their destination while not working there.

Development of the tourism industry in Nepal:

The Rana regime lasted 104 years until 1950 A.D. when road networks were built connecting some parts of Nepal to the Indian border. In the 1950s, foreigners started to visit Nepal for trade, climbing, and pilgrimage. Since eight mountains higher than 8000m were explored in 1950 A.D., that year is supposed to be the most important year in the history of tourism in Nepal. In particular, tourism in Nepal started after the first successful ascent of Mount Everest on May 29^th, 1953 by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary. After the successful climb, Nepal started to be a new destination for foreigners. In the late 1960s and 1970s, hippies started to flow in Nepal. During those days, Nepal was famous for hippies as marijuana and hashish were within easy reach. Unfortunately, the Nepalese government banned the sale of marijuana and hashish in 1973, which became a turning point in the history of Nepal's tourism. Despite that, Nepal has developed as a hot spot for adventure seekers and cultural tourists.

In 1998, the Nepal Tourist Board was established to promote Nepal as an attractive tourist destination. The same year, Nepal celebrated Visit Nepal 98. From 1999, tourism started to decline because of the long Maoist insurgency. The historical peace treaty agreement between the Maoists and the government in 2006 was the biggest achievement, as a positive message about Nepal was transmitted to international tourists. The tourism year was celebrated in 2011 for the second time.

The devasting earthquake on April 25, 2005, shook the nation. About 600,000 structures in Kathmandu and other parts of the country were either damaged or destroyed, along with UNESCO heritage sites. Because of that, tourism broke off for some time.

To promote the tourism industry, the government announced the Visit Nepal 2020 campaign to bring in 2 million tourists by the end of 2020. Unfortunately, it was postponed due to COVID-19. According to the economic survey of 2020/21, the number of tourist arrivals in 2020, except Indian tourists, was 230085, which was 81% less than in 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The tourist arrival data for different years has been represented below:

Source: economic survey 2020/21

Prospects of tourism in Nepal

• Natural beauty:

Nepal is a haven of pure natural beauty. It has the numerous Himalayas, plenty of beautiful lakes, an attractive dense forest, rare animals, a variety of flora and fauna, and so on, which attract tourists from different parts of the country.

• Rich culture:

Nepal has a unique cultural heritage. Nepal is a multi-ethnic nation with 60 different ethnic groups living in different parts of the country.

• It is less costly:

The cost of living and traveling in Nepal is very low in comparison to other countries. Tourists can enjoy and stay here at a very low cost for a long period.

• Hospitable culture:

Nepal is a peaceful country where the Nepalese people are very hospitable to tourists. Nepalese people consider tourists gods, as there is a slog in Nepali "Atithi Deba vawa".

• Mountains :

Nepal is famous for the White Mountains, as many of the world's highest peaks are located here. Out of 14 world peaks above 8000m, 8 are located in Nepal.

Problems of tourism in Nepal

Although there is a high potential for the tourism sector in Nepal, it is unable to develop properly for the following reasons:

• Lack of transportation and communication:

Though transportation is the biggest means of tourism, there is no proper management of vehicles. There is a lot of local and unmanaged public transportation that is run by volunteers. There are no proper facilities for communication or networking for tourists.

• Lack of a tourism sector:

Nepal is a beautiful country with biodiversity. But due to a lack of proper plans and policies, many places are not developed and it is not suitable or possible to go there.

• Lack of security:

There are many tourist areas and beautiful places to visit, but many tourists feel insecure due to a lack of security for them. Many crimes and scams are faced by tourists committed by locals, which decreases our prestige.

• Lack of good-quality hotels:

A hotel is one of the essential components for tourists. While it is useful for food and lodging, there are not many well-managed or suitable places for tourists to stay.

• Lack of sanitation:

There are many popular cultural and popular places for tourism, but they are not managed well. The places are full of dirt and the roads are not well constructed, which decreases the value and specialization of the place.

Importance of tourism in Nepal

• The source of foreign currency:

Tourism is also one of the biggest sources of revenue for the Nepalese economy. The country's foreign currency and reserves increase in the country as tourists come to visit in large numbers.

• Employment Opportunity:

Brain drain is the biggest problem in the country, which is caused by a lack of employment opportunities. Many people get engaged in it and can start their own businesses for employment.

• The standard of living is high:

Due to the rise in the economy and development in different sectors, people get more facilities, their living standards increase and life gets better.

• Cultural exchange:

When foreigners visit our country, they get to know a lot about our culture and heritage, which is appreciated by them. Culture gets expanded and influenced all over the globe.

• Development of rural infrastructure:

For the sake of the tourism sector, many rural and least developed places and infrastructures such as education, health, drinking water, industry, etc get developed and well managed.

Problems in the economy of Nepal:

Declining foreign exchange :

The foreign exchange reserves (forex) of the country are decreasing. The Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) noted that forex reserves were less than $2 billion USD compared to mid-April last year. As a result, the country can hold imports only for another six and a half months. Remittances are the main source of foreign exchange in Nepal, accounting for roughly half of total reserves, while import costs are the primary cause of the currency's decline. 

Trade deficit :

The high import rate and high dependence on other countries have always been seen in Nepal and have been a major problem. Exports have always been lower than imports. According to the economic survey for fiscal years 2020-2021, the export is $2.69 billion, while the import is $15.17 billion. From this, we can recognize how the country is highly dependent on other countries and is facing a trade deficit

Inflation :

When the money supply in the market increases and the production costs are high, this leads to inflation in the country. According to the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the current inflation rate in Nepal is 7.28 percent. 

Despite these problems, many sectors have been contributing to the betterment of the economy of Nepal. New development plans and policies are being formulated. Likely, hydroelectricity is playing a great role in it. Since Nepal is the greatest source of water resources, if the government keeps hydroelectricity in mind and targets it for the economic growth of the country, it can be a suitable and best alternative for the country.

Nepal is rich in water resources. It has over 6,000 big rivers, hundreds of lakes, and many natural spring. In terms of eating resources, Nepal stands in the second position in the world. Nepal's  borders are situated at the confluence of two big rivers, Mechi in the east and Mahakali in the west. Most of the rivers in Nepal originate from mountains. Hence, hydroelectricity can be easily produced through those rivers. The potential of hydroelectricity in Nepal is about 83,400 MW, which is about 2.27% of the total potential of the world.

The potentialities of hydroelectricity production in Nepal in different basins are presented below:

Hydro Power Potential in Nepal

The above figure clearly shows that the Karnali and Mahakali river basins occupy the first and second positions in hydroelectricity production capacity. The second position is occupied by the Koshi, the third by the Gandaki, and the southern rivers, respectively.

The first hydroelectricity project was constructed in 1968 BS with the installation of a 500 KW capacity. According to the economic survey 2020/21, total hydroelectricity production is 1842 MW, which is merely 2.22% of total potential.

The major hydro power projects of Nepal are presented below